Analysis of Cuscuta management:

• Berseem: Annual forage legume less severely infested compared to lucerne.
• Lucern: Lucerne (Medicago sativa / alfalfa) is heavily parasitized by Cuscuta (dodder); spraying paraquat (0.1%) after harvesting cuts destroys Cuscuta stems while perennial lucerne crowns regenerate.
• Oats: Monocot crop not infested by Cuscuta.
• Barley: Cereal crop immune to Cuscuta parasitism.

Analysis of crop-associated weeds:

• Berseem: Cichorium intybus (Chicory / Kasani) is an obligate associated weed of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). Its seeds mimic berseem seeds and are separated by soaking in a 10% common salt solution (seeds of chicory float, berseem sinks).
• Wheat: Associated weeds include Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana.
• Oat: Infested by wild oats and broadleaves.
• Napier grass: Robust perennial grass rarely affected by chicory.

Analysis of transgenic resistance genes:

• aroA: The aroA gene (isolated from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4) encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS), an enzyme naturally insensitive to the herbicide glyphosate, conferring herbicide tolerance in Roundup Ready transgenic soybean.
• dw1: Dwarfing gene.
• rbss: Rubisco small subunit promoter.
• Cry: Endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis conferring insect resistance.