Standards for bovine frozen semen under DAHD (Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying) Minimum Standard Operating Procedures (MSOP):

• 10 million: In standard French mini straws ($0.25\text{ ml}$ dose), the national minimum standard prescribes at least $20\text{ million}$ total spermatozoa per dose with a minimum of $50\%$ post-thaw progressive motility. This ensures approximately $10\text{ million}$ progressively motile viable spermatozoa per dose (straw).
• 20 million: The minimum total sperm count per straw/dose before freezing.
• 30 million: Upper concentration used for sexed or specialized semen batches.
• million: Sub-optimal concentration for conventional unsexed frozen semen straws.

• Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious, acute viral affliction affecting cloven-hoofed domestic animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and swine).
• It is caused by an Aphthovirus belonging to the family Picornaviridae.
• The disease produces fever, vesicular eruptions, and painful ulcerations in the mouth, tongue, muzzle, and interdigital clefts of feet, causing lameness and salivation.
• Therefore, foot and mouth disease in cattle is caused by Virus (Option 1).

• In limnology and freshwater ecology, freshwater environments are categorized as:
• Lentic ecosystems: Calm, still, or standing water bodies such as lakes, ponds, swamps, bogs, and reservoirs.
• Lotic ecosystems: Running or flowing water bodies such as rivers, brooks, and streams.
• The term 'lentic' is derived from the Latin 'lentus', meaning slow, sluggish, or motionless.
• Therefore, lentic water means Standing water (Option 2).

• Wind action: In classical geomorphological classification (Holland & Christie, 1909), Sambhar Salt Lake is considered an enclosed depression whose salinity and shallow basin evolution are strongly shaped by wind action (aeolian deflation and inland transport of salt particles from Rann of Kutch), alongside Quaternary tectonic faulting.
• River action: Inflowing ephemeral streams (Mendha, Runpangarh, Khari, Khandel) deposit inland sediments and weathered salts into the closed basin.
• Glacier action: Glacial landforms are absent in the arid Thar-Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan.
• Volcanic action: Sambhar Lake is an endorheic tectonic-aeolian playa, not a volcanic caldera.