Entomology

• Omite-57 (propargite 57% EC) is a dedicated non-systemic contact and residual miticide/acaricide developed specifically to control phytophagous mites (Tetranychidae).
• It acts by inhibiting ATP synthesis in mite mitochondria, providing rapid knockdown across all active stages.
• Acephate and phorate are broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticides; imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid targeting sucking pests.
• Therefore, Omite-57 is the miticide (Option 3).

• The white grub (national pest of Kharif crops in Rajasthan) is scientifically named Holotrichia consanguinea (Blanchard), belonging to the family Scarabaeidae.
• The subterranean C-shaped fleshy larvae feed voraciously on roots of groundnut, pearl millet, chili, and pulses, resulting in dead patches in fields.
• Sitotroga cerealella is Angoumois grain moth; Coccinella septempunctata is a beneficial ladybird predator; Schistocerca gregaria is desert locust.
• Thus, the scientific name of white grub is Holotrichia consanguinea (Option 2).

• When an agricultural pesticide is swallowed, immediate induction of vomiting (emesis) and gastric lavage (stomach wash) using saline solution or activated charcoal suspension is the primary life-saving measure to eliminate unabsorbed toxins.
• Washing with soap applies to dermal exposure on skin, while moving to open air is appropriate for inhaled aerosol poisons.
• Emesis should not be induced if the patient is unconscious or if corrosive petroleum solvents were ingested.
• Therefore, vomiting and stomach wash is the most effective treatment for swallowed poison (Option 1).

Analysis of economic threshold levels (ETL) in rice:

• Well below threshold action levels for dead hearts.
• The Economic Threshold Level (ETL) for yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) during the vegetative stage is 5% dead hearts (or 1 egg mass/m² or 1 moth/m²).
• 10%: Standard ETL for dead hearts in older recommendations or under high-tillering varieties, but 5% is the official trigger.
• 15%: Exceeds threshold, resulting in substantial economic yield penalty.