Reproduction

Earthworms, sponges, tapeworms, and leeches possess both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual and are classic hermaphrodites (monoecious / bisexual). Cockroach is a dioecious (unisexual) species having distinct male and female individuals.

Analysis of statements:

• Incorrect: The first menstruation beginning at puberty is called menarche (menopause is the permanent cessation).
• Incorrect: Ovulation at mid-cycle (14th day) is induced by the LH surge (rapid secretion of LH), not maximum progesterone (progesterone peaks during the luteal phase around day 20-22).
• Correct: In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels plummet, causing endometrial breakdown and menstruation.
• Correct: Menstrual cycles cease around 50 years of age, which is termed menopause.

The human placenta functions as a temporary endocrine gland producing hormones such as:

• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
• Human placental lactogen (hPL)
• Estrogens and Progestogens
• Relaxin (secreted in later stages)
  
  Androgens (male sex hormones like testosterone) are produced by the Leydig cells of the testes and adrenal cortex, not by the placenta.