Assertion (A) is CORRECT: By definition in the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS), Foundation seed is the direct progeny of breeder seed (or stage I foundation seed) produced by recognized seed corporations (NSC, SFCI, SSCs) or agricultural universities under strict field inspection by State Seed Certification Agencies (SSCA), identified by a white certification tag.
Reason (R) is INCORRECT (False): Foundation seed is produced in large bulk quantities specifically to serve as the parental stock for the commercial production of Certified seed for distribution to farming communities, NOT 'primarily used for research purposes only' (breeder seed and nucleus seed are used by breeders in research and maintenance breeding).
Therefore, (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
Correct Answer: Option 3.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Classes of Certified Seeds - Foundation Seed (आधार बीज):
Assertion (A) is CORRECT: By definition in the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS), Foundation seed is the direct progeny of breeder seed (or stage I foundation seed) produced by recognized seed corporations (NSC, SFCI, SSCs) or agricultural universities under strict field inspection by State Seed Certification Agencies (SSCA), identified by a white certification tag.
Reason (R) is INCORRECT (False): Foundation seed is produced in large bulk quantities specifically to serve as the parental stock for the commercial production of Certified seed for distribution to farming communities, NOT 'primarily used for research purposes only' (breeder seed and nucleus seed are used by breeders in research and maintenance breeding).
Therefore, (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
Correct Answer: Option 3.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
Promoter $\rightarrow$ (IV). Binding site for RNA polymerase: The DNA sequence upstream of the transcription initiation site where RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognizes and binds to begin transcription.
Operator $\rightarrow$ (II). Site where repressor binds: The regulatory DNA segment situated between the promoter and structural genes that physically interacts with the repressor protein to block or permit RNA polymerase transit.
Structural gene $\rightarrow$ (III). Code for functional proteins: The cistronic reading frames (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that transcribe polycistronic mRNA translating into functional enzymes.
Functional Components of a Bacterial Operon (ऑपेरॉन के घटक एवं कार्य):
Promoter $\rightarrow$ (IV). Binding site for RNA polymerase: The DNA sequence upstream of the transcription initiation site where RNA polymerase holoenzyme recognizes and binds to begin transcription.
Operator $\rightarrow$ (II). Site where repressor binds: The regulatory DNA segment situated between the promoter and structural genes that physically interacts with the repressor protein to block or permit RNA polymerase transit.
Structural gene $\rightarrow$ (III). Code for functional proteins: The cistronic reading frames (lacZ, lacY, lacA) that transcribe polycistronic mRNA translating into functional enzymes.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
सूची-I को सूची-II के साथ सुमेलित कीजिए:
नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:
List - I
List - II
A
Restriction digestion followed by PCR amplification of selected fragmentsप्रतिबंधन पाचन के बाद चयनित टुकड़ों का पीसीआर प्रवर्धन
I
RFLPRFLP
B
Use of PCR to amplify repeat motifs of DNAडीएनए के दोहराव रूपांकनों को प्रवर्धित करने के लिए पीसीआर का उपयोग
II
SNPSNP
C
Variation in single nucleotides within a DNA sequenceडीएनए अनुक्रम के भीतर एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड में भिन्नता
III
SSRSSR
D
Detection of variations in the length of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymesप्रतिबंधन एंजाइमों द्वारा उत्पादित डीएनए टुकड़ों की लंबाई में भिन्नता का पता लगाना
AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (IV): Genomic DNA is digested with two restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoRI and MseI), ligated to double-stranded adapters, and selectively amplified via PCR using primers with selective nucleotides.
SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats / Microsatellites) $\rightarrow$ (III): Hypervariable tandem repeats of 1–6 bp motifs (e.g., $(CA)_n$) flanked by conserved genomic sequences amplified using locus-specific PCR primers.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (II): Variations occurring at a single base pair position (transitions/transversions) within genomic sequences, representing the most abundant marker type in modern crop genomics.
RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (I): Classic hybridization-based marker detecting variations in the length of restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis and probed via Southern blotting.
Molecular DNA Markers in Plant Breeding (आण्विक डीएनए मार्कर):
AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (IV): Genomic DNA is digested with two restriction enzymes (e.g., EcoRI and MseI), ligated to double-stranded adapters, and selectively amplified via PCR using primers with selective nucleotides.
SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats / Microsatellites) $\rightarrow$ (III): Hypervariable tandem repeats of 1–6 bp motifs (e.g., $(CA)_n$) flanked by conserved genomic sequences amplified using locus-specific PCR primers.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (II): Variations occurring at a single base pair position (transitions/transversions) within genomic sequences, representing the most abundant marker type in modern crop genomics.
RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) $\rightarrow$ (I): Classic hybridization-based marker detecting variations in the length of restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis and probed via Southern blotting.
Statement (I) :Heterosis refers to the phenomenon where the hybrid offspring exhibit superior trait performance compared to their parents.
Statement (II) :Heterosis is primarily attributed to the combination of favorable alleles from each parent, resulting in enhanced trait performance of the hybrid offspring.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं
कथन (I) :संकर ओज (Heterosis) उस घटना को संदर्भित करता है जहाँ संकर संतानें (hybrid offspring) अपने जनकों की तुलना में श्रेष्ठ लक्षण प्रदर्शन प्रदर्शित करती हैं।
कथन (II) :संकर ओज मुख्य रूप से प्रत्येक जनक से अनुकूल एलीलों के संयोजन के लिए उत्तरदायी है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप संकर संतानों के लक्षण प्रदर्शन में वृद्धि होती है।
उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर चुनिए:
Statement (I) is TRUE: Coined by G.H. Shull in 1914, Heterosis (hybrid vigor) is defined as the phenotypic superiority of an $F_1$ hybrid over either of its parents (better-parent heterosis) or the average of its two parents (mid-parent heterosis) in terms of yield, vegetative growth, reproductive success, or stress tolerance.
Statement (II) is TRUE: The Dominance Hypothesis of heterosis (Davenport 1908, Bruce 1910, Jones 1917) states that heterosis results from the masking or suppression of deleterious recessive alleles present in one inbred parent by favorable dominant alleles contributed by the other inbred parent across multiple loci, leading to augmented vigor and performance.
Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Correct Answer: Option 1.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Concept and Genetic Basis of Heterosis (संकर ओज की संकल्पना एवं आनुवंशिक आधार):
Statement (I) is TRUE: Coined by G.H. Shull in 1914, Heterosis (hybrid vigor) is defined as the phenotypic superiority of an $F_1$ hybrid over either of its parents (better-parent heterosis) or the average of its two parents (mid-parent heterosis) in terms of yield, vegetative growth, reproductive success, or stress tolerance.
Statement (II) is TRUE: The Dominance Hypothesis of heterosis (Davenport 1908, Bruce 1910, Jones 1917) states that heterosis results from the masking or suppression of deleterious recessive alleles present in one inbred parent by favorable dominant alleles contributed by the other inbred parent across multiple loci, leading to augmented vigor and performance.
Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Correct Answer: Option 1.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
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