पादप आनुवंशिक संसाधनों (plant genetic resources) के संरक्षण के...

सभी विषय सामान्य कृषि, फसल उत्पादन एवं मृदा विज्ञान कोशिका विज्ञान, आनुवंशिकी, कार्यिकी, जैव रसायन एवं पादप सुरक्षा आनुवंशिकी, पादप रोग विज्ञान, बीज विज्ञान एवं कृषि सूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान खाद्य व औद्योगिक सूक्ष्मजीव विज्ञान, ग्रामीण विकास एवं कृषि अनुसंधान संरचना

Q.111

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences

Statement Based +4 −1

Given below are two statements

Statement (I) : Double fertilization involves the fusion of two sperm cells with two egg cells.

Statement (II) : In double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell, while the other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं

कथन (I) : द्विनिषेचन (Double fertilization) में दो शुक्राणु कोशिकाओं (नर युग्मकों) का दो अंड कोशिकाओं के साथ संलयन शामिल है।

कथन (II) : द्विनिषेचन में, एक शुक्राणु कोशिका (नर युग्मक) अंड कोशिका के साथ संलयित होती है, जबकि दूसरी शुक्राणु कोशिका दो ध्रुवीय केंद्रकों (polar nuclei) के साथ संलयित होती है।

उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर चुनिए:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true कथन (I) और कथन (II) दोनों सत्य हैं Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false कथन (I) और कथन (II) दोनों असत्य हैं Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false कथन (I) सत्य है लेकिन कथन (II) असत्य है Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true कथन (I) असत्य है लेकिन कथन (II) सत्य है

Double Fertilization in Angiosperms:

Discovered by S.G. Nawaschin in Lilium and Fritillaria.
The pollen tube discharges two non-motile male gametes (sperm cells) into the embryo sac:

Syngamy (Generative fertilization): One haploid sperm cell ($n$) fuses with the haploid egg cell ($n$) to form the diploid zygote ($2n$), which develops into the embryo.
Triple Fusion (Vegetative fertilization): The second haploid sperm cell ($n$) migrates to the central cell and fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei ($n + n$) to produce the triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN, $3n$), which forms nutritive endosperm tissue.
- Statement (I) is FALSE: Double fertilization does NOT involve two egg cells (an angiosperm embryo sac contains only one single egg cell).
Statement (II) is TRUE: Accurately describes syngamy and triple fusion.

Therefore, Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true. Correct Answer: Option 4.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Double Fertilization in Angiosperms (आवृतबीजी में द्विनिषेचन - Nawaschin, 1898):

Discovered by S.G. Nawaschin in Lilium and Fritillaria.
The pollen tube discharges two non-motile male gametes (sperm cells) into the embryo sac:

Syngamy (Generative fertilization): One haploid sperm cell ($n$) fuses with the haploid egg cell ($n$) to form the diploid zygote ($2n$), which develops into the embryo.
Triple Fusion (Vegetative fertilization): The second haploid sperm cell ($n$) migrates to the central cell and fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei ($n + n$) to produce the triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN, $3n$), which forms nutritive endosperm tissue.
- Statement (I) is FALSE: Double fertilization does NOT involve two egg cells (an angiosperm embryo sac contains only one single egg cell).
Statement (II) is TRUE: Accurately describes syngamy and triple fusion.

Therefore, Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true. Correct Answer: Option 4.

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

Q.112

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences

Statement Based +4 −1

Given below are two statements

Statement (I) : Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism is a type of molecular marker that relies on enzymatic digestion and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).

Statement (II) : Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism is a type of molecular marker that detects variations in the length of DNA fragments generated by digestion with restriction enzymes.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं

कथन (I) : प्रवर्धित खंड लंबाई बहुरूपता (AFLP) एक प्रकार का आण्विक मार्कर है जो एंजाइमी पाचन और पीसीआर (Polymerase Chain Reaction) पर निर्भर करता है।

कथन (II) : प्रतिबंधन खंड लंबाई बहुरूपता (RFLP) एक प्रकार का आण्विक मार्कर है जो प्रतिबंधन एंजाइमों के साथ पाचन द्वारा उत्पन्न डीएनए टुकड़ों की लंबाई में भिन्नता का पता लगाता है।

Principles of AFLP and RFLP Markers:

Statement (I) is TRUE: Developed by Vos et al. (1995), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) combines restriction endonuclease digestion (usually a rare cutter like EcoRI and a frequent cutter like MseI) with adapter ligation and selective Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification to visualize hundreds of polymorphic loci without prior sequence knowledge.
Statement (II) is TRUE: RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is the foundational DNA marker system that detects genomic polymorphisms resulting from nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions that alter restriction endonuclease recognition sites, yielding restriction fragments of different lengths visualized via Southern blot hybridization.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true. Correct Answer: Option 1.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Principles of AFLP and RFLP Markers (एएफएलपी एवं आरएफएलपी मार्कर सिद्धांत):

Statement (I) is TRUE: Developed by Vos et al. (1995), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) combines restriction endonuclease digestion (usually a rare cutter like EcoRI and a frequent cutter like MseI) with adapter ligation and selective Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification to visualize hundreds of polymorphic loci without prior sequence knowledge.
Statement (II) is TRUE: RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) is the foundational DNA marker system that detects genomic polymorphisms resulting from nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions that alter restriction endonuclease recognition sites, yielding restriction fragments of different lengths visualized via Southern blot hybridization.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true. Correct Answer: Option 1.

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

Q.113

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences

Statement Based +4 −1

Given below are two statements

Statement (I) : DNA replication proceeds in a bidirectional manner from multiple origins of replication in prokaryotic cells.

Statement (II) : Okazaki fragments are short DNA fragments synthesized on the leading strand during DNA replication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं

कथन (I) : प्रोकैरियोटिक कोशिकाओं में डीएनए प्रतिकृति कई प्रतिकृति उद्गमों (multiple origins of replication) से द्विदिशीय (bidirectional) तरीके से आगे बढ़ती है।

कथन (II) : ओकाज़ाकी खंड (Okazaki fragments) प्रोकैरियोटिक और यूकेरियोटिक दोनों कोशिकाओं में डीएनए प्रतिकृति के दौरान अग्रणी रज्जुक (leading strand) पर संश्लेषित छोटे डीएनए टुकड़े हैं।

Q.114

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

The primary objectives of conservation of the plant genetic resources are

(A) To conserve genetic diversity for future generations

(B) To promote monoculture farming practices

(C) To eradicate invasive plant species

(D) To ensure food security and sustainable agriculture

(E) To facilitate research and innovation in plant breeding

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

पादप आनुवंशिक संसाधनों (plant genetic resources) के संरक्षण के प्राथमिक उद्देश्य क्या हैं?

(A) भविष्य की पीढ़ियों के लिए आनुवंशिक विविधता का संरक्षण करना

(B) मोनोकल्चर (एकल फसल) खेती पद्धतियों को बढ़ावा देना

(C) आक्रामक पादप प्रजातियों का उन्मूलन करना

(D) खाद्य सुरक्षा और सतत कृषि सुनिश्चित करना

(E) पादप प्रजनन में अनुसंधान और नवाचार को सुगम बनाना

नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

(A), (B), (D) and (E) only केवल (A), (B), (D) और (A), (D) and (E) only केवल (A), (D) और (B), (C), (D) and (E) only केवल (B), (C), (D) और (C), (D) and (E) only केवल (C), (D) और

Objectives of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) Conservation:

Plant genetic resources represent the fundamental reservoir of genes providing resistance to diseases, pests, drought, and climatic extremes.
The primary objectives defined by FAO and NBPGR are:

Safeguarding genetic diversity for future generations (A): Preventing genetic erosion and loss of landraces and crop wild relatives.
Ensuring global food security and agricultural resilience (D): Providing genetic variation to breed resilient, nutritious crop varieties.
Facilitating breeding research and innovation (E): Supplying novel alleles for yield enhancement and climate-smart agriculture.
- PGR conservation aims to prevent the hazards of genetic vulnerability caused by monoculture (B is completely contrary to conservation goals). Eradicating invasive weeds (C) is a weed management / ecological restoration goal, not the mandate of PGR conservation.

Therefore, (A), (D), and (E) are the valid primary objectives. Correct Answer: Option 2 ((A), (D) and (E) only).

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Objectives of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) Conservation (पादप आनुवंशिक संसाधन संरक्षण के उद्देश्य):

Plant genetic resources represent the fundamental reservoir of genes providing resistance to diseases, pests, drought, and climatic extremes.
The primary objectives defined by FAO and NBPGR are:

Safeguarding genetic diversity for future generations (A): Preventing genetic erosion and loss of landraces and crop wild relatives.
Ensuring global food security and agricultural resilience (D): Providing genetic variation to breed resilient, nutritious crop varieties.
Facilitating breeding research and innovation (E): Supplying novel alleles for yield enhancement and climate-smart agriculture.
- PGR conservation aims to prevent the hazards of genetic vulnerability caused by monoculture (B is completely contrary to conservation goals). Eradicating invasive weeds (C) is a weed management / ecological restoration goal, not the mandate of PGR conservation.

Therefore, (A), (D), and (E) are the valid primary objectives. Correct Answer: Option 2 ((A), (D) and (E) only).

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

Q.115

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

Which of the following are important varieties of sugarcane?
(A) Co 0238
(B) CoPb 94
(C) LRA 5166
(D) Co 86032
(E) Karan 9
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

निम्नलिखित में से कौन गन्ने (sugarcane) की महत्वपूर्ण किस्में हैं?
(A) Co 0238 (करण 4)
(B) CoPb 94
(C) LRA 5166
(D) Co 86032 (नयना)
(E) Karan 9 (Co 05011)
नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

(A), (B), (D) and (E) only केवल (A), (B), (D) और (A), (B) and (D) only केवल (A), (B) और (D) (B), (C) and (E) only केवल (B), (C) और (A), (B), (C) and (E) only केवल (A), (B), (C) और

Sugarcane Cultivars in India:

Co 0238 (Karan 4): The wonder sugarcane variety bred by Dr. Bakshi Ram at ICAR-SBI Regional Centre Karnal that revolutionized sugar production in subtropical India (occupying $\gt 70\%$ area in UP).
CoPb 94: High-yielding early maturing sugarcane variety released by PAU Ludhiana / ICAR-SBI for the North-West zone.
Co 86032 (Nayana): The premier 'wonder cane' of peninsular India bred by ICAR-SBI Coimbatore, occupying majority acreage in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Karan 9 (Co 05011): High-yielding mid-late sugarcane variety released by ICAR-SBI Karnal.
In contrast, (C). LRA 5166 is a famous ruling variety of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), NOT sugarcane.

Therefore, (A), (B), (D), and (E) are sugarcane varieties. Correct Answer: Option 1 ((A), (B), (D) and (E) only).

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Sugarcane Cultivars in India (भारत में गन्ने की प्रमुख किस्में):

Co 0238 (Karan 4): The wonder sugarcane variety bred by Dr. Bakshi Ram at ICAR-SBI Regional Centre Karnal that revolutionized sugar production in subtropical India (occupying $\gt 70\%$ area in UP).
CoPb 94: High-yielding early maturing sugarcane variety released by PAU Ludhiana / ICAR-SBI for the North-West zone.
Co 86032 (Nayana): The premier 'wonder cane' of peninsular India bred by ICAR-SBI Coimbatore, occupying majority acreage in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Karan 9 (Co 05011): High-yielding mid-late sugarcane variety released by ICAR-SBI Karnal.
In contrast, (C). LRA 5166 is a famous ruling variety of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), NOT sugarcane.

Therefore, (A), (B), (D), and (E) are sugarcane varieties. Correct Answer: Option 1 ((A), (B), (D) and (E) only).

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report