Nullisomic-Monosomic: Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes ($2n-2$) together with loss of one other non-homologous chromosome ($-1$), denoted by formula $(2n - 2) - (2n - 1)$ / $2n - 2 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (III).
Double Monosomic: Loss of two separate, non-homologous single chromosomes, denoted as $2n - 1 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Monosomic-Trisomic: Loss of one chromosome and addition of another non-homologous chromosome, denoted as $(2n - 1) - (2n + 1)$ / $2n - 1 + 1$ $\rightarrow$ (II).
Trisomic-Monosomic: Gain of one chromosome and loss of another, denoted as $(2n + 1) - (2n - 1)$ $\rightarrow$ (I).
Aneuploid Genomic Formulas (असुगुणिता के जीनोमिक सूत्र):
Nullisomic-Monosomic: Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes ($2n-2$) together with loss of one other non-homologous chromosome ($-1$), denoted by formula $(2n - 2) - (2n - 1)$ / $2n - 2 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (III).
Double Monosomic: Loss of two separate, non-homologous single chromosomes, denoted as $2n - 1 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Monosomic-Trisomic: Loss of one chromosome and addition of another non-homologous chromosome, denoted as $(2n - 1) - (2n + 1)$ / $2n - 1 + 1$ $\rightarrow$ (II).
Trisomic-Monosomic: Gain of one chromosome and loss of another, denoted as $(2n + 1) - (2n - 1)$ $\rightarrow$ (I).
Phytochemicals and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Crops:
Erucic acid: A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid ($22:1$) prevalent in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.), associated with myocardial lipidosis at high levels; bred down to $\lt 2\%$ in 'Canola' / single-zero varieties $\rightarrow$ (III). Brassica spp.
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI): A major heat-labile antinutritional protein found in soybean (Glycine max) that impairs pancreatic trypsin activity and protein digestion $\rightarrow$ (I). Glycine max.
BOAA ($\beta$-N-Oxalyl-L-$\alpha,\beta$-diaminopropionic acid / ODAP): A neurotoxin present in grass pea / khesari (Lathyrus sativus) that causes neurolathyrism (spastic paraparesis of lower limbs) upon prolonged consumption $\rightarrow$ (IV). Lathyrus sativus.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexakisphosphate): Primary phosphorus storage compound in maize (Zea mays) seeds that chelates minerals like iron and zinc, reducing bioavailability $\rightarrow$ (II). Zea mays.
Phytochemicals and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Crops (पादप रसायन एवं स्रोत फसलें):
Erucic acid: A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid ($22:1$) prevalent in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.), associated with myocardial lipidosis at high levels; bred down to $\lt 2\%$ in 'Canola' / single-zero varieties $\rightarrow$ (III). Brassica spp.
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI): A major heat-labile antinutritional protein found in soybean (Glycine max) that impairs pancreatic trypsin activity and protein digestion $\rightarrow$ (I). Glycine max.
BOAA ($\beta$-N-Oxalyl-L-$\alpha,\beta$-diaminopropionic acid / ODAP): A neurotoxin present in grass pea / khesari (Lathyrus sativus) that causes neurolathyrism (spastic paraparesis of lower limbs) upon prolonged consumption $\rightarrow$ (IV). Lathyrus sativus.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexakisphosphate): Primary phosphorus storage compound in maize (Zea mays) seeds that chelates minerals like iron and zinc, reducing bioavailability $\rightarrow$ (II). Zea mays.
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Used by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944) following Frederick Griffith's (1928) work to prove decisively that DNA is the transforming principle / genetic material $\rightarrow$ (III).
Neurospora crassa (red bread mold): Used by George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1941) to propose the famous One gene-one enzyme hypothesis via biochemical nutritional auxotrophs $\rightarrow$ (I).
T4 Bacteriophage (rII locus): Used by Seymour Benzer (1955–1961) to elucidate the Fine structure of the gene (cistron, recon, muton) $\rightarrow$ (IV).
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus): Used by Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Beatrice Singer (1957, Biochim. Biophys. Acta) in viral reconstitution experiments to prove that RNA is the genetic material in RNA viruses $\rightarrow$ (II).
Microorganisms in Milestone Genetic Discoveries (ऐतिहासिक आनुवंशिक खोजें):
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Used by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944) following Frederick Griffith's (1928) work to prove decisively that DNA is the transforming principle / genetic material $\rightarrow$ (III).
Neurospora crassa (red bread mold): Used by George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1941) to propose the famous One gene-one enzyme hypothesis via biochemical nutritional auxotrophs $\rightarrow$ (I).
T4 Bacteriophage (rII locus): Used by Seymour Benzer (1955–1961) to elucidate the Fine structure of the gene (cistron, recon, muton) $\rightarrow$ (IV).
TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus): Used by Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Beatrice Singer (1957, Biochim. Biophys. Acta) in viral reconstitution experiments to prove that RNA is the genetic material in RNA viruses $\rightarrow$ (II).
T.H. Morgan: Provided direct experimental proof for the Chromosomal theory of inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster and mapped sex-linked genes to chromosomes $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Calvin B. Bridges: Discovered Chromosomal non-disjunction (1916) in Drosophila, providing conclusive cytological proof that genes are physical components of chromosomes $\rightarrow$ (I).
Clarence P. Oliver: In 1940, demonstrated intra-genic recombination (crossing over within the lozenge locus of Drosophila), establishing the Divisibility of the gene in Drosophila $\rightarrow$ (II).
Seymour Benzer: Used overlapping deletion mutants of the rII locus of phage T4 to develop Deletion mapping to pinpoint sub-genic mutations $\rightarrow$ (III).
Geneticists and Their Landmark Discoveries (प्रमुख आनुवंशिकीविद् एवं खोजें):
T.H. Morgan: Provided direct experimental proof for the Chromosomal theory of inheritance using Drosophila melanogaster and mapped sex-linked genes to chromosomes $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Calvin B. Bridges: Discovered Chromosomal non-disjunction (1916) in Drosophila, providing conclusive cytological proof that genes are physical components of chromosomes $\rightarrow$ (I).
Clarence P. Oliver: In 1940, demonstrated intra-genic recombination (crossing over within the lozenge locus of Drosophila), establishing the Divisibility of the gene in Drosophila $\rightarrow$ (II).
Seymour Benzer: Used overlapping deletion mutants of the rII locus of phage T4 to develop Deletion mapping to pinpoint sub-genic mutations $\rightarrow$ (III).
Grow-out test (GOT): The definitive field method used to determine the genetic purity (seed purity) of a seed lot by raising plants to maturity and verifying morphological descriptors $\rightarrow$ (III).
Tetrazolium test (TZ test): A rapid biochemical test using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to assess dehydrogenase enzyme activity in living embryos, evaluating seed viability $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Electrical conductivity test (EC test): Measures the electrical conductivity of leachate discharge (electrolytes leaking through damaged cell membranes of steeped seeds) to assess seed vigor and membrane integrity $\rightarrow$ (I).
Imbibition test: Evaluates the rate and capacity of water uptake through the testa, reflecting seed coat permeability $\rightarrow$ (II).
Seed Testing Methods and Their Functions (बीज परीक्षण विधियाँ एवं उद्देश्य):
Grow-out test (GOT): The definitive field method used to determine the genetic purity (seed purity) of a seed lot by raising plants to maturity and verifying morphological descriptors $\rightarrow$ (III).
Tetrazolium test (TZ test): A rapid biochemical test using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to assess dehydrogenase enzyme activity in living embryos, evaluating seed viability $\rightarrow$ (IV).
Electrical conductivity test (EC test): Measures the electrical conductivity of leachate discharge (electrolytes leaking through damaged cell membranes of steeped seeds) to assess seed vigor and membrane integrity $\rightarrow$ (I).
Imbibition test: Evaluates the rate and capacity of water uptake through the testa, reflecting seed coat permeability $\rightarrow$ (II).
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