Orthodox seed $\rightarrow$ (III). Capsicum: Solanaceous crops like chili/capsicum produce true orthodox seeds that can be desiccated to $\lt 5\%$ moisture content and safely stored at sub-zero temperatures.
Recalcitrant / Intermediate seed $\rightarrow$ (I). Coffee: Coffee (Coffea arabica) seeds exhibit intermediate-to-recalcitrant behavior; they are sensitive to severe desiccation and freezing temperatures.
Impermeable seed coat (Hardseededness) $\rightarrow$ (IV). Soybean (wild type): Wild legumes like Glycine soja exhibit physical seed coat dormancy due to suberized, waxy palisade epidermal layers impermeable to water.
Hypogeal germination $\rightarrow$ (II). Chickpea: In chickpea (Cicer arietinum), the epicotyl elongates while the cotyledons remain underground (hypogeal germination).
Seed Physiology and Germination Types (बीज कार्यिकी एवं अंकुरण के प्रकार):
Orthodox seed $\rightarrow$ (III). Capsicum: Solanaceous crops like chili/capsicum produce true orthodox seeds that can be desiccated to $\lt 5\%$ moisture content and safely stored at sub-zero temperatures.
Recalcitrant / Intermediate seed $\rightarrow$ (I). Coffee: Coffee (Coffea arabica) seeds exhibit intermediate-to-recalcitrant behavior; they are sensitive to severe desiccation and freezing temperatures.
Impermeable seed coat (Hardseededness) $\rightarrow$ (IV). Soybean (wild type): Wild legumes like Glycine soja exhibit physical seed coat dormancy due to suberized, waxy palisade epidermal layers impermeable to water.
Hypogeal germination $\rightarrow$ (II). Chickpea: In chickpea (Cicer arietinum), the epicotyl elongates while the cotyledons remain underground (hypogeal germination).
Following are the activities in the development and release of a crop variety. Arrange the activities in chronological order i.e. from start to the last:
(A)Evaluation of the collected genotypes and selection of parental genotypes.
(B)Collection of diverse genotypes of the target crop.
(C)Pair-wise cross-hybridization of the parental genotypes followed by evaluation and selection of the superior recombinants.
(D)Testing, release, and commercializing the new variety.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
फसल किस्म के विकास और विमोचन (release) में निम्नलिखित गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। इन गतिविधियों को आरंभ से अंत तक कालानुक्रमिक क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)एकत्रित जीनोटाइपों का मूल्यांकन और जनक जीनोटाइपों का चयन।
(B)लक्षित फसल के विविध जीनोटाइपों का संकलन/संग्रहण।
(C)जनक जीनोटाइपों का युग्म-वार संकरण (cross-hybridization) और उसके बाद श्रेष्ठ पुनर्संयोजकों का मूल्यांकन एवं चयन।
Step 1 (B) - Collection of diverse germplasm: Assembling genetic variability (germplasm collection from wild relatives, landraces, and existing cultivars).
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation and parental selection: Screening and evaluating collected accessions under target biotic/abiotic stress conditions to select elite parental lines.
Step 3 (C) - Hybridization and selection: Performing planned cross-hybridization among selected parents, followed by pedigree/bulk selection across segregating generations ($F_2$ to $F_6$) to isolate superior homozygous recombinant lines.
Step 4 (D) - Multi-location testing, release, and notification: Conducting multi-location station and AICRP trials, submission to the Central/State Variety Release Committee (CVRC/SVRC), notification, seed multiplication, and commercialization.
Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is (B), (A), (C), (D).
Correct Answer: Option 2.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Sequential Steps in Crop Variety Development (पादप प्रजनन एवं किस्म विकास के चरण):
Step 1 (B) - Collection of diverse germplasm: Assembling genetic variability (germplasm collection from wild relatives, landraces, and existing cultivars).
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation and parental selection: Screening and evaluating collected accessions under target biotic/abiotic stress conditions to select elite parental lines.
Step 3 (C) - Hybridization and selection: Performing planned cross-hybridization among selected parents, followed by pedigree/bulk selection across segregating generations ($F_2$ to $F_6$) to isolate superior homozygous recombinant lines.
Step 4 (D) - Multi-location testing, release, and notification: Conducting multi-location station and AICRP trials, submission to the Central/State Variety Release Committee (CVRC/SVRC), notification, seed multiplication, and commercialization.
Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is (B), (A), (C), (D).
Correct Answer: Option 2.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
Fertilization is an important event in angiosperm, which involves several critical activities. Below are a few major steps of fertilization in plants. Arrange them from the beginning to the last, systematically:
(A)Pollen germination.
(B)Anthesis followed by pollination.
(C)Fertilization.
(D)Penetration of the ovule.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
आवृतबीजी (angiosperms) में निषेचन एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना है, जिसमें कई महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। नीचे पौधों में निषेचन के कुछ प्रमुख चरण दिए गए हैं। उन्हें आरंभ से अंत तक व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)परागकण का अंकुरण (Pollen germination)
(B)प्रस्फुटन (Anthesis) और उसके बाद परागण (Pollination)
Sequence of Reproductive Events Leading to Fertilization:
Anthesis followed by pollination: Floral opening (anthesis) allows anther dehiscence and transfer of mature pollen grains onto the receptive stigma (pollination).
Pollen germination: The pollen grain absorbs moisture and nutrients on the stigmatic surface, germinating to form a pollen tube.
Penetration of the ovule: The elongated pollen tube grows down the style, enters the ovary, and penetrates the ovule (commonly through the micropyle - porogamy) into the embryo sac.
Fertilization: Syngamy occurs (one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote, and the other fuses with the central polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm - double fertilization).
Correct chronological order: (B), (A), (D), (C). Correct Answer: Option 3.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Sequence of Reproductive Events Leading to Fertilization (पादप निषेचन के चरण):
Anthesis followed by pollination: Floral opening (anthesis) allows anther dehiscence and transfer of mature pollen grains onto the receptive stigma (pollination).
Pollen germination: The pollen grain absorbs moisture and nutrients on the stigmatic surface, germinating to form a pollen tube.
Penetration of the ovule: The elongated pollen tube grows down the style, enters the ovary, and penetrates the ovule (commonly through the micropyle - porogamy) into the embryo sac.
Fertilization: Syngamy occurs (one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote, and the other fuses with the central polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm - double fertilization).
Correct chronological order: (B), (A), (D), (C). Correct Answer: Option 3.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
The development of Synthetic Varieties is practiced commonly in some cross-pollinated crops. It involves several important steps as given below. Arrange the steps of synthetic variety development in chronological order i.e. from the beginning to the last:
(A)Evaluation of the inbreds for GCA followed by selection of the inbreds as parental lines.
(B)Multiplication in isolation for one or more generations followed by distribution as synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation.
(C)Collection of diverse inbred lines for synthetic variety development.
(D)Crossing of the inbred lines in isolation in all possible combinations followed by mixing in equal proportion of seeds from all the cross combinations.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
कुछ पर-परागित फसलों में संश्लिष्ट किस्मों (Synthetic Varieties) का विकास आमतौर पर किया जाता है। इसमें नीचे दिए गए कई महत्वपूर्ण चरण शामिल हैं। संश्लिष्ट किस्म विकास के चरणों को कालानुक्रमिक क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)GCA के लिए अंतःप्रजातों का मूल्यांकन और उसके बाद जनक लाइनों के रूप में इनब्रेड्स का चयन।
(B)पृथक्करण में एक या अधिक पीढ़ियों के लिए गुणन और उसके बाद व्यावसायिक खेती के लिए संश्लिष्ट किस्मों के रूप में वितरण।
(C)संश्लिष्ट किस्म विकास के लिए विविध अंतःप्रजात लाइनों (inbred lines) का संग्रह।
(D)सभी संभावित संयोजनों में पृथक्करण में इनब्रेड लाइनों का संकरण और उसके बाद सभी संकरण संयोजनों से समान अनुपात में बीजों को मिलाना।
Step 1 (C) - Isolation/Collection of Inbreds: Developing or assembling a large number of diverse inbred lines or open-pollinated clones.
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation for GCA: Evaluating all inbred lines for General Combining Ability (GCA) using topcross, polycross, or diallel mating designs, and selecting 4–10 lines with superior GCA as parents.
Step 3 (D) - Intermating / Diallel Crossing: Growing the selected parents in isolation and intermating them in all possible combinations (diallel cross) and harvesting equal quantities of seed from each cross to compose the synthetic ($Syn_0 / Syn_1$).
Step 4 (B) - Multiplication in Isolation: Multiplying the synthetic composite population under open pollination in isolation for 1–2 generations ($Syn_2$) to reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, followed by certified seed distribution to farmers.
Correct order: (C), (A), (D), (B). Correct Answer: Option 4.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Method of Developing Synthetic Varieties (संश्लिष्ट किस्म विकास के चरण):
Step 1 (C) - Isolation/Collection of Inbreds: Developing or assembling a large number of diverse inbred lines or open-pollinated clones.
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation for GCA: Evaluating all inbred lines for General Combining Ability (GCA) using topcross, polycross, or diallel mating designs, and selecting 4–10 lines with superior GCA as parents.
Step 3 (D) - Intermating / Diallel Crossing: Growing the selected parents in isolation and intermating them in all possible combinations (diallel cross) and harvesting equal quantities of seed from each cross to compose the synthetic ($Syn_0 / Syn_1$).
Step 4 (B) - Multiplication in Isolation: Multiplying the synthetic composite population under open pollination in isolation for 1–2 generations ($Syn_2$) to reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, followed by certified seed distribution to farmers.
Correct order: (C), (A), (D), (B). Correct Answer: Option 4.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
Different classes of seeds have various levels of genetic purity (%) standards. Arrange the following classes of seeds in ascending order of their genetic purity:
(A)TL Seeds (Truthfully Labelled Seeds)
(B)Breeders seeds
(C)Foundation seeds
(D)Certified seeds
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
बीजों के विभिन्न वर्गों में आनुवंशिक शुद्धता (%) मानकों के विभिन्न स्तर होते हैं। बीजों के निम्नलिखित वर्गों को उनकी आनुवंशिक शुद्धता के आरोही क्रम (ascending order) में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)टीएल बीज (सत्य रूप से लेबल किए गए बीज / Truthfully Labelled Seeds)
Truthfully Labelled (TL) Seeds: Self-certified by the seed producer without statutory field inspection by a certification agency; maintains variable/lowest formal genetic purity standards.
Certified Seeds (Blue tag): Produced from foundation seeds, certified by SSCA; statutory genetic purity requirement is typically 99.0%.
Foundation Seeds (White tag): Progeny of breeder seeds, certified by SSCA; statutory genetic purity requirement is 99.5%.
Breeder Seeds (Golden yellow tag): Direct progeny of nucleus seeds produced under direct supervision of the sponsoring plant breeder; requires 100.0% absolute genetic purity.
Arranged in ascending order (lowest to highest purity):
Therefore, the correct ascending order is (A), (D), (C), (B).
Correct Answer: Option 3.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Genetic Purity Standards for Seed Classes (बीज वर्गों के आनुवंशिक शुद्धता मानक):
Truthfully Labelled (TL) Seeds: Self-certified by the seed producer without statutory field inspection by a certification agency; maintains variable/lowest formal genetic purity standards.
Certified Seeds (Blue tag): Produced from foundation seeds, certified by SSCA; statutory genetic purity requirement is typically 99.0%.
Foundation Seeds (White tag): Progeny of breeder seeds, certified by SSCA; statutory genetic purity requirement is 99.5%.
Breeder Seeds (Golden yellow tag): Direct progeny of nucleus seeds produced under direct supervision of the sponsoring plant breeder; requires 100.0% absolute genetic purity.
Arranged in ascending order (lowest to highest purity):
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