ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Veterinary Science

In ruminants, basal continuous saliva production (up to 50–100 L/day) cannot be fully abolished by anticholinergics like atropine. Instead, anticholinergic administration selectively inhibits watery serous salivary flow while leaving mucus secretion intact, rendering the saliva thick, tenacious, and ropy, which severely blocks the endotracheal tube and upper respiratory tract, predisposing to fatal asphyxia. Thus, both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) explains (A).

Components of radiographic developing solutions:
Hydroquinone -> Developing/reducing agent that converts exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver (III)

Classification of opioid receptor modulators:
Morphine -> Pure full mu-opioid receptor agonist (IV)
Buprenorphine -> High-affinity partial mu-opioid receptor agonist (III)
Butorphanol -> Mixed kappa-opioid agonist and mu-opioid antagonist (agonist-antagonist) (II)
Naloxone -> Pure competitive opioid receptor antagonist (I).

Hormones of reproduction and their secretory tissue origins:
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) -> Anterior pituitary gonadotropes (IV)
PGF2α -> Uterine endometrium (acts as the physiological luteolysin) (III)
GnRH -> Hypothalamic arcuate/preoptic peptidergic neurons (II)
eCG (equine Chorionic Gonadotropin / PMSG) -> Fetal trophoblast cells forming endometrial cups of the pregnant mare placenta (I).

Esophageal surgery carries notoriously high dehiscence and fistula rates due to:
Segmental blood supply with relatively poor intramural collateral circulation (A)
Complete lack of a serosal outer covering (the esophagus has an adventitia instead, which fails to produce a rapid fibrin seal unlike abdominal visceral serosa) (B)
Constant swallowing and peristaltic tension caused by continuous saliva gulping (D).
Statement (C) is completely false because the esophagus lacks omentum entirely (the absence of protective omentum worsens healing). Thus, (A), (B), and (D) only are correct.