Historic discovery of insulin:

• Frederick Banting and John J.R. Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery and isolation of insulin at the University of Toronto (Banting shared his prize money with Charles Best, and Macleod shared his with James Collip).
• Josef von Mering showed diabetes after pancreatectomy with Minkowski in 1889.
• Thompson was an early insulin trial patient, not a co-laureate.
• Oskar Minkowski demonstrated the endocrine role of the pancreas in 1889.

Pioneering contributions to humoral immunity:

• Emil von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in 1901 for serum therapy against diphtheria.
• Paul Ehrlich was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Ilya Metchnikov) for his work on immunity, specifically his revolutionary "Side-Chain Theory" (Seitenkettentheorie) of antibody formation, which correctly postulated that cells display pre-existing side-chain receptors that bind toxins and are subsequently shed as free antibodies into circulation.
• Louis Pasteur pioneered anthrax and rabies vaccines in the 19th century.
• Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for the discovery of human ABO blood groups.

Cardiac diagnostic enzyme biomarkers:

• Creatine kinase-MM (CK-MM) is the predominant skeletal muscle isoenzyme ($\gt 98\%$) elevated in myositis, rhabdomyolysis, and physical trauma.
• Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) is specifically enriched in cardiac muscle myocardium ($15\text{--}20\%$ of total cardiac CK). Following acute myocardial infarction, necrotic cardiomyocytes rapidly leak CK-MB into circulation within 3–6 hours, making it a classic diagnostic biomarker for early detection.
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a hepatobiliary and bone isoenzyme biomarker.
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a liver cholestatic injury biomarker.