Option analysis:
(A) Applying Pressler's increment percent formula with thinning volume $t$:

Normal growing stock represents the volume of stands in a forest that has achieved normal increment, normal age-class distribution, and normal density for the given rotation. Option analysis: (A) Normal Growing Stock is the standard forest management term. (B) Regular Growing Stock is not a standard forestry term. (C) Growing stock refers to all living trees without implying normality. (D) Volume stock is an informal term.

Saline-alkali soils possess characteristics of both saline and alkali soils: $\text{EC} \gt 4.0\text{ dS/m}$, $\text{ESP} \gt 15$, and $\text{pH} \gt 8.5$ (variable depending on salt concentration). Option analysis: (A) Saline soils have $\text{EC} \gt 4.0$, $\text{ESP} \lt 15$, $\text{pH} \lt 8.5$. (B) Alkali soils have $\text{EC} \lt 4.0$, $\text{ESP} \gt 15$, $\text{pH} \gt 8.5$. (C) Degraded alkali soils undergo leaching of salts with acid upper horizon. (D) Saline-Alkali soil has both high salinity and high exchangeable sodium.

According to Hans Jenny ($1941$), soil formation factors are $S = f(cl, o, r, p, t)$. Active factors supply energy to act on the soil system: Climate ($cl$) and Organisms/Biosphere ($o$). Passive factors are Parent material ($p$), Relief/Topography ($r$), and Time ($t$). Option analysis: (A) Time and Relief are passive factors. (B) Climate and Organisms are the active factors. (C) Time is passive. (D) Parent material is passive.