Innovation-Decision Process (Rogers Model), Innovation Attributes (Relative Advantage, Compatibility, Complexity, Trialability, Observability)

• The Sailing Ship Effect in Technological Evolution:
• Coined by economist W.H. Ward (1967), the Sailing Ship Effect describes the phenomenon where the introduction of a disruptive, superior new technology stimulates a burst of rapid technological refinement and performance improvements in the threatened incumbent (old) technology.
• Historical origin: When steamships were introduced in the 19th century, sailing ship designers dramatically improved hull hydrodynamics and multi-masted rigging (Clipper ships), increasing sailing speeds by over $50\%$ before eventually succumbing to steam power.

Correct option: (2) Sailing ship effect

• Implementation Stage in Innovation-Decision Process:
• Rogers' Innovation-Decision Process consists of five mental and behavioral stages: Knowledge $\rightarrow$ Persuasion $\rightarrow$ Decision $\rightarrow$ Implementation $\rightarrow$ Confirmation.
• While Knowledge and Persuasion are strictly cognitive/affective mental phases and Decision is an internal choice, Implementation occurs when the individual actively puts the innovation into practical operational use. It is the first stage marked by overt physical behavioral change in the real world.

Correct option: (4) Implementation