General Meteorology

• Atmospheric Dynamics of Cyclones:
• In a tropical or extra-tropical cyclone, horizontal airflow moves along curved, circular isobars in response to an intense low-pressure center.
• In the frictionless free atmosphere, this balanced curved motion represents a Gradient Wind, where the inward Pressure Gradient Force ($PGF$) is dynamically balanced by the outward Coriolis force ($CF$) and Centrifugal force ($CENT$). (Correct answer: Option 2)

• Statement (I) is True: Hailstorms develop exclusively within severe, deeply convective cumulonimbus ($Cb$) clouds possessing intense vertical updrafts ($\gt 20-30\text{ m}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}$), high liquid water content, and cold cloud tops extending well above the freezing level.
• Statement (II) is True: Violent internal convective updrafts suspend frozen water droplets repeatedly through supercooled liquid water zones, building concentric ice layers until gravity overcomes the updraft.
• Conclusion: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Both Statement (I) and Statement (I) are correct

• Thermal Theory of Monsoons:
• Proposed by British astronomer Edmond Halley in 1686.
• Conceptualized monsoons as giant seasonal land and sea breeze circulations driven by differential solar heating between the Asian continental landmass and the surrounding Indian Ocean. (Correct answer: Option 2)