General Meteorology

• Atmospheric Phenomena and Pioneer Scientists:
• Climatic Classification: Carl Troll developed a widely recognized ecoclimatic classification based on seasonal temperatures and humid/arid months $\rightarrow$ (I)
• Solar Radiation Distribution: Milutin Milankovitch formulated the astronomical theory of orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession governing earth's solar radiation cycles $\rightarrow$ (II)
• Potential Evapotranspiration: H.L. Penman (1948) formulated the combination energy balance-aerodynamic equation for potential evaporation $\rightarrow$ (III)
• Origin of Monsoon: Edmond Halley (1686) first proposed the thermal contrast theory of monsoon as a grand seasonal land-sea breeze $\rightarrow$ (IV)
• Systematic Match: (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV) corresponds to Option 4.

Correct option: (4) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (1), (DB) - (Ill)

• Balanced Geostrophic Wind Flow:
• In the frictionless free atmosphere above the planetary boundary layer, steady horizontal airflow occurs along straight, parallel isobars.
• Represents an exact dynamic equilibrium where the horizontal Pressure Gradient Force ($PGF$) is precisely balanced by the Coriolis force ($CF$):

• Results in a steady-state horizontal wind called the geostrophic wind. (Correct answer: Option 2)

• Global Latitudinal Zonation:
• Doldrums / Equator: $0^\circ$ to $5^\circ\text{ N/S}$ (Equatorial low pressure trough).
• Trade Winds: $5^\circ$ to $30^\circ\text{ N/S}$.
• Horse Latitudes: Subtropical high-pressure belts located between $30^\circ$ and $35^\circ\text{ N/S}$.
• Roaring Forties: Strong westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere located between $40^\circ$ and $50^\circ\text{ S}$.
• Ascending Order of Latitudes: Arranging these zones by increasing numerical latitude values gives Horse latitudes ($30^\circ-35^\circ$) followed by Roaring Forties ($40^\circ-50^\circ$).
• Conclusion: Option 3 represents the correct sequence.

Correct option: (3) (B), (A), (D), (C)