• Assertion (A) is True: In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a map layer is an individual thematic spatial dataset representing a single attribute or geographic characteristic (e.g., elevation, soil type, vegetation) over a defined geographic domain.
• Reason (R) is True: The fundamental principle of topological GIS layering is that each individual thematic layer stores only one specific thematic attribute or information category per spatial location.
• Relationship: Because GIS layers are structured so that each layer represents a singular information class per coordinate, Reason (R) directly explains Assertion (A).
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

• Vectorization Complexity:
• Converting raster pixel images into vector layers requires extracting geometric primitives (nodes, vertices, edges) and establishing explicit topological spatial relationships (adjacency, connectivity, containment).
• Because vector formats require topological structure building, automated vectorization is far more algorithmically complex than rasterization. (Correct answer: Option 1)

• Spatial Data Capture and Processing Methodologies:
• Analog Paper Maps: Converted to digital vector format using a Digitizer tablet / manual digitizer $\rightarrow$ (IV)
• Aerial Photography: Processed photogrammetrically using a Digital photogrammetric workstation $\rightarrow$ (I)
• Satellite Multispectral Images: Analyzed and classified using Digital Image Processing (DIP) software $\rightarrow$ (II)
• Ground Survey: Field positioning and ground truthing measured using GPS receivers $\rightarrow$ (III)
• Systematic Match: (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III) corresponds to Option 4.

Correct option: (4) (A)(IV), (B)-(1), (C(I, (D-II)

• European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89):
• The standard geodetic reference datum adopted by the European Union and national mapping agencies across Europe.
• Fixed to the stable Eurasian tectonic plate to prevent distortions from continental drift. (Correct answer: Option 2)