Remote sensing

• Non-Selective Atmospheric Scattering:
• Occurs when atmospheric aerosol particles, water droplets, and ice crystals (diameters $10 - 100\ \mu\text{m}$) are significantly larger than the wavelengths of incident solar radiation ($0.4 - 0.7\ \mu\text{m}$).
• All wavelengths of the visible spectrum are scattered with equal intensity without spectral selectivity.
• The combined scattering of all visible colors causes clouds and fog to appear pure white. (Correct answer: Option 3)

• Beer-Lambert Law of Absorption:

• Physical Principles:
• Beer's Law: Absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration ($c$) of the absorbing medium.
• Lambert's Law: Absorbance is directly proportional to the path length ($l$) the light beam traverses through the absorbing medium. (Correct answer: Option 4)

• Electromagnetic Spectrum Bands in Remote Sensing:
• Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR): Wavelength range $1.3\text{ to }3.0\ \mu\text{m}$ (sensitive to moisture absorption) $\rightarrow$ (II)
• Microwave Band: Wavelength range $1\text{ mm to }1\text{ m}$ (used in active radar / passive radiometry) $\rightarrow$ (IV)
• Thermal Infrared (TIR): Wavelength range $3.0\text{ to }14.0\ \mu\text{m}$ (detects radiant emission / temperature) $\rightarrow$ (III)
• Near Infrared (NIR): Wavelength range $0.7\text{ to }1.3\ \mu\text{m}$ (strong reflectance by spongy mesophyll) $\rightarrow$ (I)
• Systematic Match: (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I) corresponds to Option 2.

Correct option: (2) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (Ill), (B) - (1)