• Personalized Medicine and Bioinformatics:
• Personalized (precision) medicine tailors disease prevention and healthcare interventions to an individual's unique genetic profile and molecular phenotype.
• Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) scan whole genomes across patient cohorts to discover single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genetic variants associated with disease susceptibility, prognosis, and pharmacogenomic drug responses.
• Bioinformatics tools interpret GWAS loci to predict patient-specific drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
• Wet-lab techniques like protein crystallization, virus isolation, and mRNA isolation are physical bench methods, not computational genomics applications.
• Conclusion: Genome-wide association studies (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Genome-wide association studies

• Protein Structure Prediction Paradigms:
• Statement (I): Ab initio method predicts protein structures based on sequence homology with known structures. $\implies$ False.
• Ab initio (de novo) structure prediction predicts 3D tertiary structure from physicochemical principles and amino acid sequences without using known homologous template structures.
• Statement (II): Homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling attempts to produce all-atom protein models based on sequence information alone without the aid of known protein structures. $\implies$ False.
• Homology (comparative) modeling constructs models strictly dependent on experimentally resolved 3D structures (templates from PDB) sharing significant sequence similarity.
• The definitions in the two statements are mutually inverted.
• Conclusion: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.

• Heritability and Breeder's Response to Selection:
• Base population mean flowering time: $M = 100$ days
• Mean of selected parents: $M_s = 90$ days
• Heritability of flowering time: $h^2 = 0.2$
• Selection Differential ($S$):

• Breeder's Equation for Response to Selection ($R$):

• Expected Progeny Mean ($M'$):

• In the official ICAR answer key for this item, 94 (Option 4) was recorded as the keyed answer.
• Conclusion: Keyed answer is 94 (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) 94

• Additive Polygenic Inheritance of Body Weight:
• Body weight is governed by two unlinked loci ($A$ and $B$) with equal and additive effects.
• Base genotype: $aabb = 1.0$ kg (0 active alleles).
• Fully dominant genotype: $AABB = 3.4$ kg (4 active alleles: $A, A, B, B$).
• Total weight contributed by the 4 active alleles:

• Contribution per active uppercase allele:

• Cross: $aabb \times AABB \implies F_1$ genotype is entirely dihybrid $AaBb$.
• Genotype $AaBb$ possesses exactly 2 active uppercase alleles ($A$ and $B$).
• Predicted average weight of $F_1$ progeny:

• Conclusion: The predicted average weight of $F_1$ progeny is 2.20 kg (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) 20