Paraprobiotics: Defined as non-viable, inactivated intact microbial cells (killed by heat, UV, or chemical treatment) or crude cell extracts that, when administered orally or topically in adequate amounts, confer health and immune benefits to the host.
They are synonymous with "ghost probiotics" or inactivated probiotics, offering long shelf stability and safety without the risk of microbial translocation in immunocompromised fish.
Correct Option: Option 4 (Paraprobiotic).
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The calorie (small calorie or gram calorie) is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$ at standard atmospheric pressure:
$$1\text{ calorie} = 4.184\text{ Joules}$$
Correct Option: Option 3 (4.184 Joules).
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Phylloquinone ($K_1$): Natural plant form of vitamin K.
Menaquinone ($K_2$): Bacterial synthesized form.
Menadione ($K_3$): The synthetic, provitamin form of vitamin K, widely used as a stable water-soluble feed supplement (e.g., menadione sodium bisulfite, MSB) in fish feeds to support blood coagulation and prothrombin synthesis.
Correct Option: Option 1 (Menadione).
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