Read the following statements regarding bioremediation (A)... | Agrigyan

• Diastase (Amylase) $

ightarrow$ (V) Aspergillus oryzae: Filamentous fungus widely employed in industrial fermentation for high-yield $\alpha$-amylase production. - (B) Invertase $ ightarrow$ (I) Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Yeast species traditionally used to produce $\beta$-fructofuranosidase (invertase) to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose.

• Collagenase $

ightarrow$ (IV) Clostridium histolyticum: Anaerobic bacterium producing powerful collagenolytic endopeptidases utilized in medical tissue debridement.

• Lipase $

ightarrow$ (III) Rhizopus sp.: Zygomycete mold producing commercial extracellular triacylglycerol ester hydrolases for food and biodiesel sectors.

• Cellulase $

ightarrow$ (II) Trichoderma koningii: Hyper-cellulolytic fungus producing endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and $\beta$-glucosidases for cellulose hydrolysis.

Correct option: (4) (A) — (V), (B) - (1), (C) - (IV), (DB) = (I), (E) =)

• First Generation $

ightarrow$ (II) Sanger method: Dideoxy chain termination sequencing using fluorescent ddNTP terminators and capillary electrophoresis.

• Second Generation (NGS) $

ightarrow$ (IV) Illumina sequencing: High-throughput sequencing-by-synthesis utilizing reversible dye terminators on clonal flow-cell clusters.

• Third Generation $

ightarrow$ (I) HeliScope single molecule sequencer: Pioneer single-molecule real-time sequencing platform (Helicos BioSciences) without preliminary clonal PCR amplification.

• Fourth Generation $

ightarrow$ (III) Oxford Nanopore method: Direct single-molecule sequencing measuring disruptions in ionic current as native nucleic acid strands traverse biological protein nanopores.

Correct option: (2) (A) = (Hl), (B) - (IV), (C)- (), (D) = (tll)

• Assertion (A) is True: $\beta$-lactam antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) are co-prescribed with clavulanic acid (e.g., Co-amoxiclav / Augmentin) to restore antibacterial efficacy against resistant pathogen strains.
• Reason (R) is True & Explains (A): Clavulanic acid is a suicide inhibitor (mechanism-based irreversible inhibitor) with structural homology to the $\beta$-lactam nucleus. It binds to the catalytic serine residue of bacterial $\beta$-lactamase enzymes, forming a stable covalent acyl-enzyme adduct that permanently inactivates the enzyme and protects the partner antibiotic.
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Correct option: (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)