• Access Specifiers in C++ Classes:
• Public members of a class can be accessed directly from any code outside the class through object instances. (True)
• Private data members and private member functions are accessible only by member functions of that class (and friend functions/classes). (True)
• By default, all members of a C++ class are private (unlike a struct, where members are public by default). (False)
• Conclusion: Only (A) and (B) are true (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Only (A) and (B) are true.

• Execution Trace of Perl Array Shift:
• Initial array declaration:

@bases = ('A', 'G', 'C', 'T');

• Function call: shift @bases:
• The Perl built-in shift function removes and returns the first element from an array, shifting all subsequent elements down by one index.
• `$base1 receives the shifted element 'A'`.
• The array @bases is modified in-place to contain: ('G', 'C', 'T').
• Print statement: print "@bases";:
• In double quotes, Perl interpolates array elements separated by the list separator `$"` (a single space by default).
• Output printed on screen: G C T.
• Conclusion: G C T (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) 6CT

• Perl String and Data Structure Syntax:
• The length() function in Perl returns the number of characters in a string scalar. (True)
• The chop() function removes the last character from a string unconditionally (whereas chomp() removes only trailing newline specified by $/). (True)
• Hashes (associative arrays) in Perl are preceded by the percent sign % (e.g., %hash), not parentheses (), and are accessed using curly braces with keys (e.g., $hash{$key}). (False)
• Conclusion: Only (A) and (B) are true (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Only (A) and (B) are true. $