• Encapsulation and Data Hiding in C++:
• In object-oriented programming (OOP), Data Hiding (information hiding) is the principle of restricting direct outside access to internal object representation and private member variables.
• Private members are insulated within classes and accessible only via public member functions (getters and setters), enforcing encapsulation and preventing unintended side-effects.
• Other Concepts:
• Inheritance: Deriving new classes from existing classes.
• Dynamic binding: Resolving method calls at runtime via virtual functions.
• Message passing: Communication between objects via method invocation.
• Conclusion: Insulation of data from direct access is Data hiding (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Data hiding

• Access Specifiers in C++ Classes:
• Public members of a class can be accessed directly from any code outside the class through object instances. (True)
• Private data members and private member functions are accessible only by member functions of that class (and friend functions/classes). (True)
• By default, all members of a C++ class are private (unlike a struct, where members are public by default). (False)
• Conclusion: Only (A) and (B) are true (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Only (A) and (B) are true.