Computer organization & architecture

• Starvation in Priority CPU Scheduling:
• In static Priority Scheduling, processes with higher priority preempt and delay low-priority processes indefinitely if there is a steady stream of higher-priority arrivals.
• The legendary IBM 7094 incident where a low-priority process waited 6 years (from 1967 to 1973) is the classic textbook illustration of indefinite blocking (starvation) caused by priority scheduling.
• The standard solution to this problem is aging (gradually increasing process priority with waiting time).
• Conclusion: Due to Priority Scheduling (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Priority Scheduling

• Operating System Error Handling Scope:
• The operating system directly detects and handles hardware and system-level exceptions:
• Printer out-of-paper hardware status interrupts.
• Network connection drops and timeout resets.
• Power failure / brownout non-maskable interrupts (NMI).
• Virus protection is a specialized security application layer handled by dedicated antivirus software and endpoint security agents, not the basic operating system error management subsystem.
• Conclusion: Virus protection (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Virus protection

• Real-Time vs. General Purpose Operating Systems:
• Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) guarantee deterministic, bounded response times within strict deadlines:
• VxWorks: Widely used industrial hard RTOS.
• RTLinux: Real-time extension to Linux kernel.
• Windows CE: Componentized real-time embedded OS.
• Palm OS: A legacy general-purpose mobile operating system designed for handheld Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs); it does not provide deterministic real-time scheduling guarantees.
• Conclusion: Palm os is NOT a real-time operating system (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Palm os

• Booting Terminology in Operating Systems:
• Cold Boot (Hard Boot): The process of starting a computer system that has been completely powered off by switching on the electrical power, triggering the hardware Power-On Self-Test (POST) and initial bootstrap loader from ROM/BIOS.
• Warm Boot (Soft Boot): Restarting an operating system without interrupting power (e.g., Ctrl+Alt+Del or reboot command).
• Conclusion: Bootstrapping is called Cold boot (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Cold boot