Computer organization & architecture

• Operating System Kernel Concepts:
• True statements:
• Kernel is the first software component loaded into RAM during the bootstrapping sequence.
• Kernel forms the core foundation managing CPU, memory, and devices.
• Kernel code resides permanently in resident physical memory during the entire system uptime.
• Statement in Option 2: Kernel is made of various modules which cannot be loaded in running operating system. $\implies$ NOT true.
• Modern operating systems (Linux, Windows, macOS) utilize Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) that can dynamically be inserted into and removed from the running kernel without rebooting.
• Conclusion: Option 2 is not true.

Correct option: (2) kernel is made of various modules which can not be loaded in running operating system