Conjugation: Direct transfer of genetic material (plasmid or chromosomal DNA) from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium through physical cell-to-cell contact mediated by a sex pilus (conjugation tube). (Correct answer)
Transposition: Movement of discrete mobile genetic elements called transposons ("jumping genes") from one genomic location to another within the same cell, catalyzed by transposase.
Transfection: Artificial introduction of foreign naked nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) into eukaryotic host cells using non-viral chemical or physical techniques.
Transduction: Horizontal gene transfer between bacterial cells mediated by a bacteriophage (viral vector), occurring without direct physical contact between the bacteria.
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2
ICAR JRF Computer Application 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
EDV (Essentially Derived Varieties) are those which are derived from
Essentially Derived Variety (EDV): Under international plant breeders' rights (UPOV and PPV&FR Act), an EDV is defined as a variety predominantly derived from an initial variety, retaining its essential genotype characteristics, generated through genetic engineering (transformation), induced mutation, somaclonal variation, or repeated backcrossing. (Correct answer)
Crossing two commercial varieties: Represents standard conventional hybridization that generates new recombinant genetic combinations, not an EDV.
Introduced hybrid: Represents an exotic germplasm introduction.
Wide hybridization with wild relatives: Pre-breeding introgression, not an EDV.
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3
ICAR JRF Computer Application 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Which of the following is responsible for eliminating toxic oxygen by-products from cells?
Peroxisomes: Specialized microbodies containing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase that detoxify hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS), including breaking down toxic hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water and oxygen. (Correct answer)
Mitochondria: The powerhouses of eukaryotic cells primarily responsible for cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
Golgi complex: Organelles functioning in post-translational modification, sorting, packaging, and secretory targeting of proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Chloroplasts: Double-membrane semi-autonomous plastids in photosynthetic plant cells responsible for light capture, photolysis of water, and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle).
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Allyl isothiocyanate: The volatile sulfur-containing organic compound responsible for the characteristic pungent smell and biting taste of mustard oil. It is formed when the glucosinolate sinigrin undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by myrosinase upon cellular crushing. (Correct answer)
Amino acids: Nitrogenous organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and do not impart volatile pungency.
Erucic acid: A long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (C22:1) present in mustard seed triglycerides that affects nutritional oil quality, not volatile aroma.
Oxalic acid: An organic dicarboxylic acid found in leafy greens like spinach that acts as an antinutrient, unrelated to mustard pungency.
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Short day plants (SDPs): Physiologically "long-night plants" (e.g., rice, soybean, chrysanthemum) that require an uninterrupted dark period exceeding a critical duration to induce flowering. If this critical night period is interrupted by even a brief flash of light, flowering is completely inhibited. (Correct answer)
Long day plants (LDPs): Require photoperiods longer than a critical daylength (or short nights) to trigger floral induction (e.g., wheat, oat).
Day neutral plants (DNPs): Initiate flowering after reaching vegetative maturity without dependence on night or day length (e.g., tomato, sunflower).
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