Networking

• Storage of a Single Bit in Digital Circuits:
• Flip-Flop (bistable multivibrator) is a digital sequential circuit that possesses two stable states and is used as the fundamental memory element to store a single bit (0 or 1) of binary information.
• Multiplexers, encoders, and decoders are combinational circuits that do not possess memory or internal feedback storage capability.
• Conclusion: Flip Flop (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Flip Flop

• Distinguishing Flip-Flop Types in Digital Logic:
• Digital flip-flops (SR, JK, D, T) are bistable multivibrators that differ fundamentally in:
• Number of inputs they possess: D and T flip-flops have 1 data input (plus clock), whereas SR and JK flip-flops have 2 control inputs.
• Manner in which inputs affect binary state: Each flip-flop has a distinct characteristic equation and state table (e.g., JK toggles on $11$, whereas SR is indeterminate/invalid on $11$).
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (B) (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Both (A) and (B)

• Register Operations in Computer Organization:
• The process of transferring new binary data/information into a register is termed Loading the register.
• When all bits of the register are loaded simultaneously with a common clock pulse, it is called parallel loading.
• Other Terms:
• Buffering: Temporarily holding data in transit.
• Decoding: Converting coded inputs into distinct outputs.
• Conclusion: Referred to as Loading the register (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Loading

• Computer I/O Organizations:
• Isolated I/O $\to$ (II): Uses separate address spaces and distinct machine instructions (e.g., IN, OUT) for I/O vs. memory access.
• Memory-mapped I/O $\to$ (I): Treats I/O ports as memory locations, sharing the exact same address space, control signals, and instructions (LOAD, STORE).
• I/O Interface $\to$ (IV): Hardware module that resolves electromechanical and data rate differences between the CPU/memory and peripheral devices.
• Asynchronous Data Transfer $\to$ (III): Requires explicit handshake/strobe control signals transmitted between communicating units that operate on independent clocks.
• Matching Result: (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III) (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) (A)-(I), (B)-(1), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)