Heavy Metals, Chemical Residues, Antibiotics, Pesticides & Aflatoxin M1 Detection

• Zoonotic Pathogens in Dairy Processing:
• Zoonotic Transmission via Raw Milk:
• Listeria monocytogenes: Causes abortion, encephalitis, and neonatal sepsis.
• Campylobacter jejuni: Major enteric zoonosis causing acute diarrhea and Guillain-Barré syndrome.
• Salmonella species: Transmitted from livestock, causing acute gastroenteritis and enteric fevers.
• (C) Lactobacillus bulgaricus and (D) Lactococcus diacetyllactis are safe, beneficial starter lactic cultures.
• Conclusion: (A), (B), and (E) only (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) (A), (B), and (E) only.

• Iron Concentration Calculation in FAS Solution:
• Molecular Formulation:
• Ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate, $(\text{NH}_4)_2\text{Fe}(\text{SO}_4)_2 \cdot 6\text{H}_2\text{O} = 392\text{ g/mol}$.
• Dissolving $21\text{ mg}$ ($0.021\text{ g}$) in $500\text{ mL}$ ($0.5\text{ L}$):

• Expressing concentration on a parts-per-million (ppm) basis ($1\text{ ppm} = 1\text{ mg/L}$):

• Conclusion: 6 ppm (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) 6 ppm

• Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy:
• Cathode Construction:
• The hollow cathode is constructed from the pure element to be analyzed (or its alloy).
• Electric discharge sputters and excites cathode metal atoms in neon/argon gas, emitting narrow, sharp elemental emission lines matching the analyte's atomic absorption profile.
• Conclusion: Element to be investigated (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Element to be investigated