Q.1
During translation the. site within ribosome hold the growing amino acid chain while the site holds the next amino acid to be added to the chain
Q.2
Central dogma of life was given by:
General Agriculture
6 TopicsScope and History of Microbiology
5 Topics
Bacterial Cell Ultrastructure: Peptidoglycan Architecture, Teichoic Acids & Periplasmic Transport
Microbial Energetics & Membrane Transport: PEP-PTS Systems, ABC Transporters & PMF
Microscopy in Dairying: Light, Fluorescence, Confocal, SEM, TEM & Specimen Preparation
Microbial Taxonomy & Phylogeny: Polyphasic Taxonomy & 16S rRNA Molecular Classification
Bacterial Growth Kinetics: Growth Phases, Specific Growth Rate, Generation Time & Chemostats
Microbial Genetics
5 Topics
Recombinant DNA Technology, PCR Primers & Metagenomics: DGGE & Amplicon Sequencing
Molecular Genetics of Dairy Microorganisms: Central Dogma, Replication, Transcription & Translation
Active
Mutation & DNA Repair: Missense, Nonsense, Frameshift Mutations & Excision Repair Systems
Horizontal Gene Transfer in Dairy Microbes: Conjugation, Transduction & Transformation
Plasmids, Transposons & Phage Resistance: Dairy Plasmids (pSN2, pTRK2030) & Abortive Infection
Microbiological Quality of Milk
6 Topics
Raw Milk Microflora & Spoilage Dynamics: Succession from Bactericidal Stage to Acidification
Milk-Borne Bacterial Pathogens & Zoonoses: Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria, E. coli O157:H7 & S. aureus
Thermoduric & Thermophilic Microorganisms: Microbacterium, Sporeformers & 55°C Incubation
Dairy Biofilms & Surface Adhesion: EPS Matrix, Quorum Sensing & CIP Sanitation Resistance
Microbial Defects in Concentrated & Dried Milks: Mold Buttons, Bloat (Clostridium) & Bitterness
Psychrotrophic Microflora & Cold-Chain Spoilage: Pseudomonas Heat-Stable Lipases & Proteases
Microbiology of Processed Foods
5 Topics
Food Biopreservation: Bacteriocins, Nisin, Pediocin, Mode of Action & GRAS Regulatory Status
Radiation Microbiology: Non-Ionizing (UV, IR) vs Ionizing (Gamma, E-Beam) & Radiation Resistance
Packaging Microbiology: Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP), Active Scavengers & Vacuum Spoilage
Hurdle Technology & Intermediate Moisture Foods: Multi-Target Preservation & Homeostasis
Milk Protective Systems & Bioactive Peptides: Lactoferrin, LP System & Antimicrobial Peptides
Starter Cultures and Probiotics
6 Topics
Cheese Microbiology & Ripening Flora: Starter vs NSLAB, Late Gas Defect & Flavor Development
Probiotics Selection & Gastrointestinal Survival: Acid/Bile Tolerance (F1F0-ATPase) & FSSAI Standards
Flavor Biogenesis in Fermented Milks: Diacetyl, Acetaldehyde (Threonine Pathway) & Acetoin
Dairy Yeasts & Molds: Geotrichum candidum, Kluyveromyces & Ripening Fungi
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Taxonomy & Hexose Fermentation: Homofermentative vs Heterofermentative
Dairy Starter Culture Propagation: Media (Litmus Chalk Milk), Phage Control & Strains
Quality Assurance
5 Topics
Indicator Organisms of Dairy Sanitation: Total Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms, E. coli & Enterococci
Microbiological Sampling Plans & Statistical Standards: Two-Class, Three-Class Plans & FSSAI Limits
Rapid Detection & Biosensors in Dairy Microbiology: Optical, SPR, Piezoelectric & Impedance Sensors
Commercial Sterility & Aseptic Quality Assurance: Sterility Testing, Incubation Protocols & Spores
Biosafety in Dairy Laboratories: Biosafety Levels (BSL-1 to BSL-4) & M. tuberculosis Containment
Fermentation Technology
5 Topics
Bioreactor Design & Operating Modes: Batch, Fed-Batch, Chemostats & Continuous Fermentation
Industrial Dairy Bioproducts & Enzymes: Microbial Rennet, Beta-Galactosidase & Biomass Production
Fermentation Pathways & Bioenergetics: Alcoholic, Lactic & Mixed Acid Pathways, Pyruvate Fate
Diagnostic Selective & Differential Media: Baird-Parker, XLD, EMB & Biochemical Identifications
Solid State (SSF) vs Submerged Fermentation (SmF): Aeration, Energy Consumption & Downstream
Official PYQ Papers
Previous Year Papers of Dairy Microbiology
Practice official shift-wise question papers with answer keys and detailed explanations on the actual exam pattern.
1
Total Available
Previous Papers
2024
29-06-2024