Scope & History of Microbiology

• Basis of DNA Profiling / Fingerprinting:
• Genetic Polymorphisms:
• Developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys (1984), DNA profiling relies on polymorphic hypervariable tandem repeat regions (minisatellites / VNTRs and STRs) that form distinctive individual banding patterns.
• Official Answer Key: Designated Option 1 (Unique sequences) as the credited option.
• Conclusion: Unique sequences (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Unique sequences

Analyzing the statements in relation to Principles and functions of light:

The correct option is Option 2: Both Statement (I) and Statement (Il) are incorrect.

• Core Enzymatic Tools in Genetic Engineering:
• Restriction Endonucleases ('Molecular Scissors'): Recognize and cut specific palindromic DNA sequences to generate fragment inserts and open cloning vectors.
• DNA Ligase ('Molecular Glue'): Seals recombinant molecules by catalyzing phosphodiester bond formation between adjacent nucleotides.
• Conclusion: (B) and (D) only (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) (B) and (D) only.

• Culture-Independent Molecular Community Profiling:
• High-throughput Amplicon Sequencing: Directly reveals the full taxonomic profile and relative abundance of bacterial populations in food and environmental samples.
• Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE): Separates identical-length 16S rRNA PCR amplicons along a denaturing gradient gel to visualize community band patterns and shifts.
• Conclusion: (B) and (C) only (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) (B) and (C) only.