PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene): A fluoropolymer with outstanding chemical inertness and extreme thermal stability, capable of continuous operation at temperatures up to $200^\circ\text{C}-260^\circ\text{C}$ and across the entire $\text{pH}$ range of $0-14$.
Polysulfone (PS) and Polyethersulfone (PES): Typical maximum continuous operating temperatures are limited to $75^\circ\text{C}-125^\circ\text{C}$.
Polyamide (PA): Maximum temperature limits are generally $50^\circ\text{C}-80^\circ\text{C}$.
Water Binding Capacity of Milk Protein Ingredients:
Native Casein Micelles: Exist in milk as large, porous, sponge-like colloidal particles with high internal voluminosity. They bind approximately $2.0-4.0\text{ g } \text{H}_2\text{O}/\text{g protein}$ of hydration and internal water within their open sub-micellar structure.
Whey Proteins: Native globular proteins bind only about $0.3-0.5\text{ g } \text{H}_2\text{O}/\text{g protein}$.
Acid Casein: Dense isoelectric precipitate with collapsed structure and lower water holding capacity unless neutralized to caseinate.
Thus, intact native casein micelles exhibit the highest overall water binding capacity among native milk protein systems.
In bovine milk, the native ratio of casein to whey protein is approximately $80:20$ ($4:1$).
Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC): Manufactured by ultrafiltration and diafiltration of skim milk. Ultrafiltration membranes retain all micellar caseins and native whey proteins together while permeating water, lactose, and minerals. Thus, MPC preserves the native $80:20$ casein-to-whey ratio of the original milk.
Native casein powder and sodium caseinate contain almost $100\%$ casein.
Whey protein concentrates contain $100\%$ whey proteins.
Correct Option: Option 3 (Milk protein concentrate).
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