18
Biological method of soil remediation includes of contaminants.
EXPLANATION
Soil Contamination
- Microbial Transformation: Biological soil remediation (bioremediation) functions primarily through the metabolic and enzymatic transformation of toxic organic contaminants into harmless end-products (such as $\text{CO}_2$, $\text{H}_2\text{O}$, and non-toxic biomass).
- Distinction from Physical Methods: Vitrification and soil washing are physical/thermal methods, whereas bioleaching specifically dissolves metal ores/sulfides through microbial acid generation.
Correct option: (2) Transformation
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