Unit 1

• Watershed & Land Management: Effective agricultural management determines land capability, zoning, slope stabilization, and conservation tillage practices, directly mitigating non-point source water contamination.
• Sediment & Agrochemical Control: Implementing vegetated buffer strips, cover crops, and proper contour farming prevents surface soil erosion, fertilizer runoff (nitrates and phosphates), and pesticide leaching into adjacent waterways.

Correct option: (1) By giving an idea about the use of land management

• Sedimentation & Stream Geometry: Accelerated soil erosion deposits heavy silt and sediment into natural riverbeds and watercourses, elevating river beds and creating wider, shallower channels.
• Solar Absorption & Thermal Pollution: Shallow water bodies with larger surface area and elevated turbidity absorb significantly higher solar radiation, causing water temperatures to rise unnaturally above baseline ecological limits.

Correct option: (4) By making natural water bodies to rise beyond their normal level

• Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI): Formulated in 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with IIT Delhi.
• Assessment Scope: CEPI scores environmental degradation across air, water, and land in industrial clusters to classify them into Critically Polluted Areas (CEPI $\gt 70$) and Severely Polluted Areas (CEPI between 60 and 70).

Correct option: (1) CPCB