• Genomic Outlier Loci:
• In population genomics (genome scans), most neutral genetic loci across the genome exhibit similar levels of genetic differentiation ($F_{ST}$) determined by genetic drift and gene flow.
• Outlier loci are loci that exhibit exceptionally high (or low) $F_{ST}$ values that deviate significantly from neutral genome-wide background expectations.
• Unusually high differentiation ($F_{ST}$ outliers) indicates divergent directional selection driving local adaptation to specific ecological niches, temperature clines, salinity gradients, or pathogens.
• nalysis:
• (Genes involved in local adaptation): Correct.

Correct option: (2) Genes involved in local adaptation