Nutritional Physiology & Nutrigenomics

• Paraprobiotics (Ghost Probiotics):
• Paraprobiotics: Defined as non-viable, inactivated intact microbial cells (killed by heat, UV, or chemical treatment) or crude cell extracts that, when administered orally or topically in adequate amounts, confer health and immune benefits to the host.
• They are synonymous with "ghost probiotics" or inactivated probiotics, offering long shelf stability and safety without the risk of microbial translocation in immunocompromised fish.
• Correct Option: Option 4 (Paraprobiotic).

• Microbial Probiotics in Aquaculture:
• Probiotics are live microbial dietary supplements that beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance, enhancing nutrient utilization, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria through competitive exclusion and bacteriocin production.
• Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), predominantly members of the genus Lactobacillus (e.g., Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus) and Bacillus species, constitute the most widely researched and commercialized groups.
• nalysis:
• (Lactobacillus): Correct.
• (Escherichia coli): Coliform indicator, potential enteric pathogen.
• (Nitrobacter): Nitrifying autotrophic bacterium in biofilters, not an intestinal gut probiotic.
• (Aspergillus): Fungal genus, potential mycotoxin producer.

Correct option: (4) Lactobacillus

• Phagocytic Cells in Teleost Immunity:
• In the cellular innate immune system of fishes:
• Macrophages: Professional phagocytes responsible for engulfing pathogens and presenting antigens.
• Dendritic Cells: Professional antigen-presenting phagocytic cells.
• Neutrophils: Highly active circulating granulocytic phagocytes producing reactive oxygen species (respiratory burst).
• Thrombocytes: In teleost fishes, nucleated thrombocytes are non-mammalian and possess genuine, active phagocytic capabilities along with hemostatic functions.
• All four types ((A), (B), (C), and (D)) exhibit phagocytic activity.
• Correct Option: Option 3 ((A), (B), (C) and (D)).