Protein Requirements of Fish vs. Terrestrial Mammals:
Fish require approximately $30\% - 50\%$ crude protein in formulated feeds, which is $2 - 3\text{ times}$ higher than the protein requirements of terrestrial farm mammals ($12\% - 18\%$ for cattle, sheep, and pigs).
Physiological Reasons:
Fish utilize protein preferentially as both structural building blocks and a major direct energy substrate (catabolizing amino acids for ATP).
Fish excrete nitrogenous waste primarily as ammonia via the gills by simple passive diffusion, expending very little metabolic energy compared to mammals that must synthesize urea.
Correct Option: Option 2 (2-3 times).
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7
ICAR JRF Fish Nutrition And Feed Technology 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Ammonia-N is toxic to commercially cultured fish at concentrations
In commercial aquaculture ponds, the unionized ammonia-nitrogen ($\text{NH}_3\text{-N}$) fraction becomes hazardous to cultured finfish and crustaceans at concentrations approaching and exceeding $0.1\text{ mg N/L}$.
Protein Architecture: Proteins are polymers of amino acids organized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary conformations.
Chemical Bonds Stabilizing Protein Structures:
Primary Structure: Linear chains of amino acids linked covalently by peptide bonds (amide linkages formed between $\alpha$-amino and $\alpha$-carboxyl groups).
Secondary & Tertiary Structure: Folding is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions (salt bridges), hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces.
Disulfide Bridges: Covalent cross-links formed between the sulfhydryl ($-SH$) groups of cysteine residues provide structural stability to the tertiary and quaternary structures.
nalysis:
All statements describing peptide bonds, cross-linking by sulfhydryl and hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions accurately define the forces holding complex protein structures together. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
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