Peroxisomes: Specialized microbodies containing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase that detoxify hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS), including breaking down toxic hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water and oxygen. (Correct answer)
Mitochondria: The powerhouses of eukaryotic cells primarily responsible for cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
Golgi complex: Organelles functioning in post-translational modification, sorting, packaging, and secretory targeting of proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Chloroplasts: Double-membrane semi-autonomous plastids in photosynthetic plant cells responsible for light capture, photolysis of water, and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle).
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2
ICAR JRF Fish Physiology And Biochemistry 2024Shift 1
Allyl isothiocyanate: The volatile sulfur-containing organic compound responsible for the characteristic pungent smell and biting taste of mustard oil. It is formed when the glucosinolate sinigrin undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by myrosinase upon cellular crushing. (Correct answer)
Amino acids: Nitrogenous organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and do not impart volatile pungency.
Erucic acid: A long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (C22:1) present in mustard seed triglycerides that affects nutritional oil quality, not volatile aroma.
Oxalic acid: An organic dicarboxylic acid found in leafy greens like spinach that acts as an antinutrient, unrelated to mustard pungency.
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3
ICAR JRF Fish Physiology And Biochemistry 2024Shift 1
Short day plants (SDPs): Physiologically "long-night plants" (e.g., rice, soybean, chrysanthemum) that require an uninterrupted dark period exceeding a critical duration to induce flowering. If this critical night period is interrupted by even a brief flash of light, flowering is completely inhibited. (Correct answer)
Long day plants (LDPs): Require photoperiods longer than a critical daylength (or short nights) to trigger floral induction (e.g., wheat, oat).
Day neutral plants (DNPs): Initiate flowering after reaching vegetative maturity without dependence on night or day length (e.g., tomato, sunflower).
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