Polar and cold-temperate marine teleosts (such as Antarctic notothenioids, Arctic sculpins, and winter flounder) survive in icy seawater (down to $-1.9^\circ\text{C}$) due to Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) and Antifreeze Glycoproteins (AFGPs).
Thermal Hysteresis: AFPs adsorb specifically to emerging ice crystal prism faces via non-colligative mechanisms (Kelvin effect), pinning step growth and depressing the non-equilibrium freezing point without altering the equilibrium melting point.
The temperature difference between the non-equilibrium freezing point and melting point is known as thermal hysteresis (typically $1.0-2.5^\circ\text{C}$).
Correct Option: Option 1 (Thermal hysteresis).
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2
ICAR JRF Fish Processing Technology 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
One of the following mucopolysaccharides is present in the connective tissues of certain fishes.
Chondroitin Sulphate: A sulfated glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and $N$-acetylgalactosamine.
It is an abundant structural component of the cartilaginous endoskeleton, cranial cartilage, and dermal connective tissues of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and teleosts, widely extracted industrially for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical joint-health formulations.
Correct Option: Option 2 (Chondroitin sulphate).
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3
ICAR JRF Fish Processing Technology 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
The sets of amino acids which facilitate chemical modification leading to improved protein functionalities
The side-chain functional groups of specific amino acids facilitate chemical modifications to improve solubility, emulsification, and gel-forming functional properties:
Lysine (Lys): Possesses an accessible reactive $\varepsilon$-amino group ($-NH_2$) for acylation, succinylation, and phosphorylation.
Cysteine (Cys): Possesses a reactive sulfhydryl ($-SH$) group for disulfide cross-linking and redox tailoring.
Tryptophan (Trp): Contains an electron-rich indole ring susceptible to mild chemical modification.
Correct Option: Option 3 (Lys, Cys, Trp).
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