11
The water boils at 0°C, if the pressure is reduced to
EXPLANATION
Freezing Engineering & Cryoprotection
- Boiling Point of Water under Vacuum (Triple Point):
- In freeze-drying (lyophilization), the thermodynamics of phase transition require operating near the triple point of water ($0.01^\circ\text{C}$ and $611.7\text{ Pa}$ or $0.00612\text{ bar}$).
- When the pressure is reduced to $0.006\text{ bar}$ ($4.58\text{ mm Hg}$), the boiling/vaporization point of liquid water drops to $0^\circ\text{C}$. Below this pressure, ice sublimes directly into water vapor without melting.
- Correct Option: Option 1 (0.006 bar).
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