Metabolic Processes & Growth Regulation

• First Generation $

ightarrow$ (II) Sanger method: Dideoxy chain termination sequencing using fluorescent ddNTP terminators and capillary electrophoresis.

• Second Generation (NGS) $

ightarrow$ (IV) Illumina sequencing: High-throughput sequencing-by-synthesis utilizing reversible dye terminators on clonal flow-cell clusters.

• Third Generation $

ightarrow$ (I) HeliScope single molecule sequencer: Pioneer single-molecule real-time sequencing platform (Helicos BioSciences) without preliminary clonal PCR amplification.

• Fourth Generation $

ightarrow$ (III) Oxford Nanopore method: Direct single-molecule sequencing measuring disruptions in ionic current as native nucleic acid strands traverse biological protein nanopores.

Correct option: (2) (A) = (Hl), (B) - (IV), (C)- (), (D) = (tll)

• Definition of Bioinformatics: Coined by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper (1970), bioinformatics is the interdisciplinary science that utilizes computational tools, software algorithms, and statistical databases to manage, store, analyze, annotate, and model large-scale macromolecular sequences (DNA, RNA, proteins) and macromolecular 3D structures.
• Distinction from Other Disciplines: Metagenomics is the genomic analysis of uncultured environmental microbial communities; metatranscriptomics analyzes overall community RNA expression; biostatistics encompasses statistical modeling of biological experiments.

Correct option: (3) Bioinformatics

• Statement (I) is True: Calcium ($\text{Ca}^{2+}$) is relatively immobile in the phloem; therefore, deficiency symptoms develop first in young meristematic leaves and growing points, manifesting as distorted, hooked leaf tips and chlorotic margins.
• Statement (II) is True: Magnesium ($\text{Mg}^{2+}$) is highly mobile in the phloem and readily translocated from mature to developing tissues, causing deficiency symptoms (interveinal chlorosis) to appear first on older lower leaves.
• Conclusion: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.

Correct option: (1) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.