Avian Physiology

• Enzymatic Cascade of Pyrosequencing (4-Enzyme System):

• DNA Polymerase: Incorporates complementary dNTP, releasing pyrophosphate ($PP_i$).
• ATP Sulfurylase: Converts $PP_i$ and adenosine $5'$-phosphosulfate (APS) into ATP.
• Luciferase: Utilizes ATP to oxidize luciferin into oxyluciferin, generating a visible light pulse proportional to incorporated bases.
• Apyrase: An ATP-diphosphohydrolase that rapidly degrades unincorporated dNTPs and residual ATP between reagent cycles, preventing false background signals before the next nucleotide is introduced.
  • nalysis:

• (Apyrase): Correct nucleotide-degrading enzyme.

• Nutritional Characteristics of Rumen Microbes:
• Amino acid composition of specific bacterial and protozoal strains is relatively constant and unaffected by dietary variations (True).
• Protein biological value is high and comparable between bacteria and protozoa (True).
• Protozoal protein has higher true digestibility ($\approx 85-90\%$) than bacterial protein ($\approx 75-80\%$) due to thinner cell boundaries (True).
• Protozoal counts are higher on moderate concentrate/soluble starch diets than on low-quality all-roughage diets (Statement D is False).
• Microbial crude protein contains $\approx 18-22\%$ (average $20\%$) nucleic acids (True).
• nalysis:
• Statements (A), (B), (C), and (E) are true. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

• Vaccination Practices in Buffaloes:
• Buffaloes are routinely vaccinated against:
• Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS - Pasteurella multocida)
• Black Quarter (BQ - Clostridium chauvoei)
• Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
• Theileriosis (Theileria annulata cell-culture vaccine)
• Diseases Not Prevented by Routine Buffalo Vaccination:
• Coccidiosis (B): Protozoan enteric infection managed through hygiene and anticoccidial chemotherapeutics (no commercial vaccine).
• Canine Distemper (D): A morbillivirus disease restricted strictly to canids and carnivores; it does not infect buffaloes.
• nalysis:
• ((B) and (D) only): Correct.

Correct option: (1) (B) and (D) only.