Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A)... | Agrigyan

• Match Crops with Transpiration Ratios:
• Restored Reference Table:

| List-I (Crops) | List-II (Transpiration Ratios) |
| :--- | :--- |
| (A) Sorghum | (III) 250 |
| (B) Wheat | (I) 500 |
| (C) Potatoes | (II) 650 |
| (D) Maize | (IV) 350 |

• Physiological Rationale:
• Transpiration Ratio: Kilograms of water transpired per kilogram of dry matter produced.
• Sorghum ($C_4$): Possesses exceptional water use efficiency, requiring only $\approx 250\text{ kg water/kg dry matter}$ $\implies$ (A) $\rightarrow$ (III).
• Maize ($C_4$): Moderately efficient $C_4$ cereal with a ratio of $\approx 350$ $\implies$ (D) $\rightarrow$ (IV).
• Wheat ($C_3$): Standard temperate $C_3$ cereal with higher photorespiration, ratio $\approx 500$ $\implies$ (B) $\rightarrow$ (I).
• Potatoes ($C_3$): Succulent tuber crop with high transpiration ratio $\approx 650$ $\implies$ (C) $\rightarrow$ (II).
• Conclusion: (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV) (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) (A) - (II), (B) - (), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)

• Dalton's Law of Free Water Surface Evaporation:
• Dalton's Evaporation Equation (1802):

where:

• $E$ is the evaporation rate from an open water surface
• $e_s$ is saturation vapor pressure at water surface temperature
• $e_a$ is actual vapor pressure of overlying air
• $(e_s - e_a)$ is the vapor pressure deficit
• $f(u)$ is wind function (e.g., $a + b u$)
• Conclusion: Dalton's Law (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Dalton’s Law

• Watershed Morphological Factors Influencing Runoff:
• Major Controlling Factors:
• Watershed Size: Dictates total precipitation interception volume and peak attenuation.
• Watershed Shape: Compact circular watersheds produce sharp single-peak hydrographs; elongated catchments spread hydrograph volume over time.
• Watershed Slope: Controls flow velocity, infiltration opportunity time, and time of concentration ($t_c$).
• Watershed Orientation: Modulates local aspect and solar radiation, but does not substantially alter the fundamental hydrodynamic runoff volume compared to size, shape, and slope.
• Conclusion: Watershed Orientation (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Watershed Orientation

Evaluating the Assertion and Reason concerning Swampy areas and polders:

The correct answer is Option 1: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).