• Elemental Abundance in Earth's Crust (by weight %): According to geochemical data compiled by Clarke and Washington:
• Oxygen ($O$): $\approx 46.6\%$
• Silicon ($Si$): $\approx 27.7\%$
• Aluminum ($Al$): $\approx 8.1\%$
• Iron ($Fe$): $\approx 5.0\%$
• Calcium ($Ca$): $\approx 3.6\%$
• Sodium ($Na$): $\approx 2.8\%$
• Potassium ($K$): $\approx 2.6\%$
• Magnesium ($Mg$): $\approx 2.1\%$
• Decreasing Order: Oxygen ($O$) > Silicon ($Si$) > Aluminum ($Al$) > Iron ($Fe$). (Correct answer: Option 3)

• Classification and Mineral Groups of Soil Minerals:
• Hornblende: Complex inosilicate chain silicate belonging to the Primary amphibole silicate group $\rightarrow$ (IV)
• Chlorite: Hydrous aluminosilicate clay belonging to the Secondary 2:1:1 silicate clay group $\rightarrow$ (I)
• Goethite ($\alpha\text{-FeOOH}$): Crystalline iron oxyhydroxide belonging to the Secondary non-silicate sesquioxide group $\rightarrow$ (II)
• Anorthite ($\text{CaAl}_2\text{Si}_2\text{O}_8$): Calcium endmember of plagioclase, classified under the Primary tectosilicate feldspar group $\rightarrow$ (III)
• Systematic Match: (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III) corresponds to Option 4.

Correct option: (4) (A) - (IV), (B) - (), (C)- (I), (DB) - (tll)

• Geochemical Mobility Series in Soils (Polynov & Perelman): Elements exhibit distinct relative mobilities during weathering based on ionic potential and solubility:
• Highly mobile anions: Sulfate ($SO_4^{2-}$) and chloride ($Cl^-$) migrate rapidly with gravitational drainage water.
• Mobile alkaline earth cations: Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) is readily displaced and leached before potassium.
• Weakly mobile cations: Potassium ($K^+$) is retained and fixed in the interlayers of 2:1 illitic clays.
• Immobile sesquioxides: Alumina ($Al_2O_3$) and iron oxides are practically insoluble under normal soil pH and accumulate in the profile.
• Mobility Sequence: $SO_4^{2-} \gt Ca \gt K \gt Al_2O_3$. (Correct answer: Option 2)

• Simonson's Fourfold Pedogenic Framework: Soil development is governed by four basic kinds of processes:
• Additions: Input of organic matter and mineral dust.
• Losses (Leaching): Downward removal of soluble salts and bases out of the solum.
• Transformations (Podsolization): Weathering of primary minerals and intense acid-driven breakdown of clay minerals into mobile iron and aluminum chelates.
• Translocations (Eluviation & Illuviation): Physical washing out (eluviation from A horizon) and illuvial accumulation (deposition into B horizon) of clay, iron, and colloids.
• Conclusion: All four statements (A), (B), (C), and (D) are established pedological processes. (Correct answer: Option 3)