Variance Definition: In agricultural statistics and biometrics, variance (denoted by $\sigma^2$ for population or $s^2$ for sample) is the mean of the squared deviations of individual observations from their arithmetic mean.
Relationship with Standard Deviation: Standard deviation is the positive square root of variance ($\text{SD} = \sqrt{\text{Variance}}$), which means variance is mathematically the square of the standard deviation ($\text{Variance} = \text{SD}^2$). (Correct answer: Option 2)
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Q.33
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
Which experimental design is a single factor design?
Latin Square Design (LSD): A single-factor experimental design where a single set of treatments is arranged in a square grid to eliminate two perpendicular sources of extraneous soil heterogeneity (row blocking and column blocking simultaneously). (Correct answer: Option 3)
Factorial RCBD: Multi-factor design studying two or more factors and their interaction effects.
Split-plot Design: Multi-factor design where main-plot factors require large operational plots and sub-plot factors require smaller precision plots.
Strip-plot (Split-block) Design: Two-factor design where both factors require large contiguous strips perpendicular to each other.
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Inceptisols Order in India: Inceptisols are weakly developed, young mineral soils characterized by embryonic diagnostic horizon differentiation (such as a cambic $B$ horizon) showing alterations of color or structure without significant clay illuviation.
Dominance: Inceptisols represent the single largest soil order in India, covering approximately 39.4% (about 130 million hectares) of the country's total geographical area, predominant across the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains and river basins. (Correct answer: Option 3)
Entisols: Second most abundant order (~28% of TGA), showing no diagnostic pedogenic horizons.
Alfisols: Third most extensive order (~13% of TGA), characterized by an argillic horizon with medium-to-high base saturation.
Mollisols: Grassland soils with thick, dark mollic epipedon, limited to high-altitude Himalayan zones in India.
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Q.39
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
Minerals containing iron are’
(A). Hematite
(B). Goethite
(C). Sphalerite
(D). Magnetite
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Hematite (A): Ferric oxide mineral ($\alpha\text{-Fe}_2\text{O}_3$), responsible for prominent red coloration in tropical red soils (Alfisols).
Goethite (B): Iron oxyhydroxide mineral ($\alpha\text{-FeO(OH)}$), the most common pedogenic iron oxide imparting brown and yellowish hues to weathered soils.
Magnetite (D): Ferrous-ferric spinelloid magnetic oxide mineral ($\text{Fe}_3\text{O}_4$), common heavy mineral accessory in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Sphalerite (C): Zinc sulfide mineral ($(\text{Zn,Fe})\text{S}$), primarily an ore of zinc rather than an iron mineral.
Conclusion: Hematite (A), Goethite (B), and Magnetite (D) are iron-containing minerals. (Correct answer: Option 1)
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Oxisols: The most extremely weathered and pedogenically advanced soil order in USDA Soil Taxonomy.
Characteristics: Dominated by an oxic subsurface diagnostic horizon composed almost entirely of low-activity 1:1 clays (kaolinite) and residual sesquioxides of iron and aluminum (goethite, gibbsite, hematite), with virtually all primary weatherable minerals depleted.
Comparison: Inceptisols are weakly developed young soils; Vertisols are expanding 2:1 clay soils; Alfisols show moderate weathering with argillic horizons. (Correct answer: Option 3)
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