Comparative Splanchnology

• Clinical Pathology of Enteric Inflammation:
• Enteritis is inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining caused by infectious agents (rotavirus, coronavirus, Salmonella, E. coli, coccidia) or dietary irritants.
• Disruption of the mucosal architecture (villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and loss of brush-border disaccharidases) results in malabsorption and hypersecretion.
• The direct, hallmark clinical manifestation of this fluid and electrolyte transport failure is profuse Diarrhea (scours), accompanied by dehydration and metabolic acidosis.
• nalysis:
• (Diarrhea): Correct primary clinical sign.

Correct option: (2) Diarrhea

• Frothy Bloat (Primary Ruminal Tympany):
• Occurs when cattle graze succulent, immature legume pastures (alfalfa, white clover) rich in soluble leaf proteins (18S chloroplastic proteins, saponins).
• During rapid microbial fermentation in the rumen:
• Soluble proteins and bacterial mucopolysaccharides act as foaming agents, trapping fermentation gases ($CO_2$ and $CH_4$) inside fine, persistent liquid bubbles.
• This creates a stable, tenacious foam throughout the ruminal digesta.
• The foam covers the cardia, inhibiting the eructation reflex and preventing free gas clearance, leading to life-threatening ruminal distension.
• nalysis:
• (Formation of a stable foam in the rumen): Correct primary cause.

Correct option: (2) Formation of a stable foam in the rumen

• Ruminal Metabolism and Toxic Activation:
• Cyanogenic Glycosides (e.g., dhurrin in immature sorghum/jowar, linamarin in linseed/flax):
• Intact cyanogenic glycosides are relatively non-toxic when consumed.
• In the rumen, microbial $\beta$-glucosidase and hydroxynitrile lyase enzymes rapidly hydrolyze the glycosides, liberating free, lethal Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN / Cyanide):

• Free cyanide binds ferric iron ($Fe^{3+}$) in cytochrome oxidase, arresting cellular respiration. Hence, ruminal metabolism directly intensifies its toxicity.
• nalysis:
• (Cyanogenic glycosides): Correct.

Correct option: (3) Cyanogenic glycosides