Q.1
Veterinary Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024 (Q.66)
MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1
Homopolymers can be added to DNA strands by using

Veterinary Biochemistry विषय एवं अध्याय

विषय एवं पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार सभी अध्याय देखें

खंड अ: सामान्य कृषि

6 टॉपिक्स
शस्य विज्ञान, जुताई एवं फसल उत्पादन कृषि कीट विज्ञान, सूत्रकृमि विज्ञान एवं फसल सुरक्षा मृदा विज्ञान, पादप पोषण एवं सुधार कोशिका विज्ञान, पादप कार्यिकी एवं जैव रसायन कृषि मौसम विज्ञान एवं जलवायु विज्ञान फसल आनुवंशिकी, पादप प्रजनन एवं आईपीआर

Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

2 टॉपिक्स
Biophysical Principles of Biomolecular Conformation: Ramachandran Plot & Thermodynamic Stability Nucleic Acid Structures (A/B/Z-DNA, Quadruplexes) & Sequence-Specific Protein-DNA Interactions

Cell Organization, Biomembranes, Chromatin & Acid-Base Buffers

1 टॉपिक्स
Fluid Mosaic Biomembrane Architecture, Transport Mechanisms & Glycocalyx

Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology

2 टॉपिक्स
Cellular Ultrastructure, Nucleolus, Membrane Transport & Glycocalyx Body Fluid Compartments (ICF vs ECF), Osmolality & Starling Forces

Blood and Circulation

1 टॉपिक्स
Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis (Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow) & Blood Indices

Cell Biology

2 टॉपिक्स
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulation: Cyclins, CDKs, Checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M) & Senescence Membrane Ultrastructure, Lipid Rafts & Macromolecular Translocation across Membranes

Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids

4 टॉपिक्स
Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Stereochemistry & Reducing Sugar Dynamics Homopolysaccharides & Heteropolysaccharides (Mucopolysaccharides/GAGs) Fatty Acid Classification, Saturated vs Unsaturated & Trans-Fatty Acids Simple, Complex & Derived Lipids: Phospholipids, Sphingolipids & Glycolipids

Chemistry of Amino Acids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

2 टॉपिक्स
Amino Acid Classification, Physicochemical Properties, Zwitterions & Isoelectric Point Peptide Bond Formation & Primary/Secondary/Tertiary/Quaternary Protein Structure

Fundamental Cellular Processes

3 टॉपिक्स
DNA Repair Pathways: Base/Nucleotide Excision, Non-Homologous End Joining & Homologous Recombination Translation Mechanisms, Ribosome Subunits, Polysome Profiling & Translational Ribosomal Stalling Epigenetic Gene Regulation: DNA Methylation, Histone Code & Non-Coding RNAs (miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA)

Respiration

1 टॉपिक्स
Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Partial Pressures (Venous pO2 40 mmHg) & V/Q Matching

Enzymology

4 टॉपिक्स
Allosteric Regulation, Covalent Modification, Proenzymes (Zymogens) & Isoenzymes Enzyme Classification (EC System 1-7), Nomenclature & Coenzymes/Cofactors Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive, Non-Competitive, Uncompetitive & Irreversible Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten Model, Lineweaver-Burk Plot, Km & Vmax

Excretion

2 टॉपिक्स
Renal Functional Anatomy, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) & Renal Clearance Endocrine Regulation of Renal Function: Aldosterone (Distal Tubule), ADH & ANP

Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism

5 टॉपिक्स
Glycolytic Pathway, Pyruvate Oxidation & Aerobic/Anaerobic Energetics Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt, Uronic Acid Pathway & Gluconeogenesis De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis, Triacylglycerol & Phospholipid Biosynthesis Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA/Krebs) Cycle, Amphibolic Nature & Anaplerosis Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis & Reciprocal Regulation

Digestion

2 टॉपिक्स
Ruminant Pre-Gastric Fermentative Digestion: Rumen Ecology, Holotrichs & VFAs Nutrient Absorption Mechanisms across Rumen, Small Intestine & Large Intestine

Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods

2 टॉपिक्स
Molecular Cloning Strategies: Restriction-Modification, Linkers/Adaptors & Directional Ligation सक्रिय Genomic & cDNA Library Construction, Screening & Ribosome-Bound Transcriptome Probing

Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology

2 टॉपिक्स
Primary Cell Culture vs Established Cell Lines: Media Formulation, Sera & Subculturing Protocols Cellular Immunotherapies: CAR-T Cell Engineering & Therapeutic Antibody Production

Molecular Biology & Recombinant DNA Technology

4 टॉपिक्स
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Enzymes, Okazaki Fragments & Proofreading DNA Damage, Mutations & Repair Systems (BER, NER, Mismatch, Double-Strand) Transcription Mechanisms, RNA Polymerases, Promoters & Post-Transcriptional Processing Gene Expression Regulation: Lac Operon, Trp Operon & Eukaryotic Transcription Factors

Muscle Physiology

1 टॉपिक्स
Muscle Energetics, Fiber Types (Red vs White), Rigor Mortis & Muscle Fatigue

Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques

2 टॉपिक्स
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), Microinjection & Animal Cloning Milestones Transgenic Animal Production: Microinjection, Retro-viral Vectors, Stem Cells & Gene Farming

Nervous System

1 टॉपिक्स
Motor Control & Cerebellar Coordination: Cerebellum as Error-Correcting Device

Nutritional & Endocrine Biochemistry

4 टॉपिक्स
Peptide & Steroid Hormones: Classification, Biosynthesis & Signal Transduction Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K): Chemistry, Biological Role & Deficiency Water-Soluble Vitamins (B-Complex, Vitamin C): Coenzymatic Roles & Deficiency Metabolic Integration in Well-Fed, Starvation, Lactation & Diabetes Mellitus

Tissue & Organ System Biochemistry and Organ Function Tests

2 टॉपिक्स
Muscle, Bone & Connective Tissue Biochemistry: Mineralization & Contraction Energetics Hepatic Function Tests: Bilirubin Metabolism, Jaundice, Transaminases & Alkaline Phosphatase

Analytical & Molecular Biochemical Techniques

2 टॉपिक्स
Chromatography: Gel Filtration, Ion-Exchange, Affinity, TLC & HPLC Spectroscopy (UV-Vis, Fluorescence, Circular Dichroism) & Mass Spectrometry

Reproduction and Lactation

2 टॉपिक्स
Male Reproductive Physiology: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli Cells & Pheromones Female Reproductive Cyclicity: Two vs Three Wave Estrous Cycles & Ovulation

Environmental Pollution, Detoxification & Cancer Biochemistry

2 टॉपिक्स
Phase I & Phase II Xenobiotic Biotransformation: Cytochrome P450 & Conjugations Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Free Radicals, Antioxidant Systems (SOD, Catalase, GPx)

Climate Physiology

1 टॉपिक्स
Climatic Heat Stress in Domestic Livestock: Heat Tolerance Indices at 65% RH

Molecular Immunology

1 टॉपिक्स
Immunoglobulin Superfamily: Isotypes, Variable Domain Genetics & Somatic Hypermutation
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