7
In most animal cells, cyclic AMP exerts its effects mainly by activating 2
EXPLANATION
G-Protein Coupled Receptors , Adenylyl Cyclas
- cAMP Signaling Mechanism: Cyclic AMP (cAMP) acts as a ubiquitous second messenger generated from ATP by adenylyl cyclase upon G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation.
- Activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA): In animal cells, cAMP exerts its primary biochemical effects by activating PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase):
- Inactive PKA exists as a tetramer containing two regulatory ($R$) and two catalytic ($C$) subunits ($R_2C_2$).
- Binding of four cAMP molecules to the regulatory subunits causes a conformational change that releases the active catalytic subunits ($C$), which then phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target enzymes and the transcription factor CREB.
Correct option: (2) PKA
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