Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A)... | Agrigyan

General Agriculture Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology Cell Biology Blood and Circulation Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids Chemistry of Amino Acids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids Fundamental Cellular Processes Respiration Enzymology Excretion Cell Communication and Cell Signalling Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods Digestion Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology Muscle Physiology Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques Nutritional & Endocrine Biochemistry Nervous System Reproduction and Lactation Analytical & Molecular Biochemical Techniques Climate Physiology
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Veterinary Biotechnology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
Assertion & Reason

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).

Assertion (A) : The LDH isoenzyme Mé4 functions optimally in the anaerobic environment of skeletal muscles.
Reason(R) : The Skeletal muscles are designed to work anaerobically so as M4. M4 converts pyruvate to lactate, so glycolysis can be operated continuously.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below

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General Agriculture

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Agronomy, Tillage & Field Crop Production Agricultural Entomology, Nematology & Crop Protection Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Reclamation Cell Biology, Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Agricultural Meteorology & Climate Science Crop Genetics, Plant Breeding & IPR

Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

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Biophysical Principles of Biomolecular Conformation: Ramachandran Plot & Thermodynamic Stability Nucleic Acid Structures (A/B/Z-DNA, Quadruplexes) & Sequence-Specific Protein-DNA Interactions Protein Folding Dynamics, Chaperones, Allosteric Transitions & Ligand-Binding Kinetics Biophysical Analysis of Biomolecules: Circular Dichroism, X-Ray Crystallography & NMR

Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology

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Cellular Ultrastructure, Nucleolus, Membrane Transport & Glycocalyx Body Fluid Compartments (ICF vs ECF), Osmolality & Starling Forces

Blood and Circulation

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Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis (Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow) & Blood Indices

Cell Biology

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Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulation: Cyclins, CDKs, Checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M) & Senescence Structural & Functional Organization of Intracellular Organelles (Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Golgi) Cytoskeletal Dynamics: Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments & Motor Proteins Membrane Ultrastructure, Lipid Rafts & Macromolecular Translocation across Membranes

Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids

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Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Stereochemistry & Reducing Sugar Dynamics Fatty Acid Classification, Saturated vs Unsaturated & Trans-Fatty Acids

Chemistry of Amino Acids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

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Amino Acid Classification, Physicochemical Properties, Zwitterions & Isoelectric Point

Fundamental Cellular Processes

6 Topics
Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Enhancers, Riboswitches & RNA Polymerase I/II/III Machinery DNA Replication Fidelity, Fork Dynamics, Telomerases & Cre-Lox / Site-Specific Recombination DNA Repair Pathways: Base/Nucleotide Excision, Non-Homologous End Joining & Homologous Recombination Translation Mechanisms, Ribosome Subunits, Polysome Profiling & Translational Ribosomal Stalling Post-Transcriptional Processing: Splicing, Alternative Splicing, Capping, Polyadenylation & RNA Editing Epigenetic Gene Regulation: DNA Methylation, Histone Code & Non-Coding RNAs (miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA)

Respiration

1 Topic
Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Partial Pressures (Venous pO2 40 mmHg) & V/Q Matching

Cell Communication and Cell Signalling

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Nitric Oxide (NO) - Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) - cGMP Signalling Axis & Vascular Regulation G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), Adenylyl Cyclase, cAMP, PKA & Phospholipase C Cascades Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK), MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt Pathways & Growth Factor Signalling Cancer Biology: Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors (p53, Rb), Angiogenesis & Metastatic Cascade

Enzymology

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Allosteric Regulation, Covalent Modification, Proenzymes (Zymogens) & Isoenzymes Active Enzyme Classification (EC System 1-7), Nomenclature & Coenzymes/Cofactors Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive, Non-Competitive, Uncompetitive & Irreversible Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten Model, Lineweaver-Burk Plot, Km & Vmax

Excretion

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Renal Functional Anatomy, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) & Renal Clearance Endocrine Regulation of Renal Function: Aldosterone (Distal Tubule), ADH & ANP

Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism

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Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA/Krebs) Cycle, Amphibolic Nature & Anaplerosis

Digestion

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Ruminant Pre-Gastric Fermentative Digestion: Rumen Ecology, Holotrichs & VFAs Nutrient Absorption Mechanisms across Rumen, Small Intestine & Large Intestine

Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods

5 Topics
Molecular Cloning Strategies: Restriction-Modification, Linkers/Adaptors & Directional Ligation Genomic & cDNA Library Construction, Screening & Ribosome-Bound Transcriptome Probing Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Illumina Sequencing-by-Synthesis, PacBio & Oxford Nanopore Cloning & Expression Vectors: Plasmids, Bacteriophages, Cosmids, BACs, YACs & Expression Hosts Nucleic Acid Blotting (Southern, Northern), EMSA, DNA Footprinting & Microarrays

Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology

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Hybridoma Technology & Monoclonal Antibodies: PEG Cell Fusion & HAT Selection Mechanics (HGPRT/TK) Cellular Immunotherapies: CAR-T Cell Engineering & Therapeutic Antibody Production Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) & Cell Cycle DNA Analysis Primary Cell Culture vs Established Cell Lines: Media Formulation, Sera & Subculturing Protocols Bioreactors, Microcarriers, Scale-Up & Suspension Cloning for Selective Tumor Cell Culture Cryopreservation of Cells: Cryoprotectants (DMSO, Glycerol), Controlled Freezing & Thawing Kinetics

Muscle Physiology

1 Topic
Muscle Energetics, Fiber Types (Red vs White), Rigor Mortis & Muscle Fatigue

Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques

5 Topics
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), Microinjection & Animal Cloning Milestones Superovulation Hormonal Regimes in Bovine & Rodents (PMSG, FSH, LH, hCG) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Oocyte Maturation & Evidence of Fertilization in Stained Ova Embryo Sexing Technologies: PCR Amplification of Y-Specific Repeats & LAMP Assays Transgenic Animal Production: Microinjection, Retro-viral Vectors, Stem Cells & Gene Farming

Nervous System

1 Topic
Motor Control & Cerebellar Coordination: Cerebellum as Error-Correcting Device

Reproduction and Lactation

2 Topics
Male Reproductive Physiology: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli Cells & Pheromones Female Reproductive Cyclicity: Two vs Three Wave Estrous Cycles & Ovulation

Climate Physiology

1 Topic
Climatic Heat Stress in Domestic Livestock: Heat Tolerance Indices at 65% RH
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