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Q.1
Veterinary Physiology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024 (Q.73)
MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1
Currents caused by opening of

which of the following channels contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential
of ventricular muscle fibers?

Veterinary Physiology Subjects

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General Agriculture

6 Topics
Agronomy, Tillage & Field Crop Production Agricultural Entomology, Nematology & Crop Protection Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Reclamation Cell Biology, Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Agricultural Meteorology & Climate Science Crop Genetics, Plant Breeding & IPR

Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

2 Topics
Biophysical Principles of Biomolecular Conformation: Ramachandran Plot & Thermodynamic Stability Nucleic Acid Structures (A/B/Z-DNA, Quadruplexes) & Sequence-Specific Protein-DNA Interactions

Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology

3 Topics
Cellular Ultrastructure, Nucleolus, Membrane Transport & Glycocalyx Body Fluid Compartments (ICF vs ECF), Osmolality & Starling Forces Intercellular Communication, Ion Channels (K+ Delayed Rectifier) & Signalling Active

Blood and Circulation

5 Topics
Cardiac Electrophysiology, Conduction Pathway (SA to Purkinje) & ECG (T-Wave) Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis (Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow) & Blood Indices Hemoglobin Chemistry, Oxygen Dissociation & Carrying Capacity (15 g/dl Hb) Hemostasis, Coagulation Cascade, Factor XIII (Fibrin-Stabilizing) & Anticoagulants Cardiac Cycle, Hemodynamics, Blood Pressure & Glossopharyngeal Baroreceptors

Cell Biology

2 Topics
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulation: Cyclins, CDKs, Checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M) & Senescence Membrane Ultrastructure, Lipid Rafts & Macromolecular Translocation across Membranes

Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids

2 Topics
Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Stereochemistry & Reducing Sugar Dynamics Fatty Acid Classification, Saturated vs Unsaturated & Trans-Fatty Acids

Chemistry of Amino Acids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

1 Topic
Amino Acid Classification, Physicochemical Properties, Zwitterions & Isoelectric Point

Fundamental Cellular Processes

3 Topics
DNA Repair Pathways: Base/Nucleotide Excision, Non-Homologous End Joining & Homologous Recombination Translation Mechanisms, Ribosome Subunits, Polysome Profiling & Translational Ribosomal Stalling Epigenetic Gene Regulation: DNA Methylation, Histone Code & Non-Coding RNAs (miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA)

Respiration

3 Topics
Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Partial Pressures (Venous pO2 40 mmHg) & V/Q Matching Chemical & Neural Control of Breathing: Medullary Centers, Vagus Stimulation & Reflexes Avian Respiratory Physiology: Air Sacs (Unidirectional Airflow) & Non-Collapsible Lungs

Enzymology

4 Topics
Allosteric Regulation, Covalent Modification, Proenzymes (Zymogens) & Isoenzymes Enzyme Classification (EC System 1-7), Nomenclature & Coenzymes/Cofactors Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive, Non-Competitive, Uncompetitive & Irreversible Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten Model, Lineweaver-Burk Plot, Km & Vmax

Excretion

4 Topics
Endocrine Regulation of Renal Function: Aldosterone (Distal Tubule), ADH & ANP Renal Functional Anatomy, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) & Renal Clearance Tubular Reabsorption, Secretion & Bovine Urine Osmolality (1000-1400 mOsm/kg) Countercurrent Multiplier, Medullary Hyperosmolarity (Urea Recycling) & Water Balance

Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism

1 Topic
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA/Krebs) Cycle, Amphibolic Nature & Anaplerosis

Digestion

4 Topics
Ruminant Pre-Gastric Fermentative Digestion: Rumen Ecology, Holotrichs & VFAs Gastrointestinal Motility, Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC Pacemaker) & Enteric Control Reticulo-Ruminal Motility, Rumination, Eructation & Gaseous Bloat Mechanics Nutrient Absorption Mechanisms across Rumen, Small Intestine & Large Intestine

Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods

2 Topics
Molecular Cloning Strategies: Restriction-Modification, Linkers/Adaptors & Directional Ligation Genomic & cDNA Library Construction, Screening & Ribosome-Bound Transcriptome Probing

Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology

2 Topics
Primary Cell Culture vs Established Cell Lines: Media Formulation, Sera & Subculturing Protocols Cellular Immunotherapies: CAR-T Cell Engineering & Therapeutic Antibody Production

Muscle Physiology

3 Topics
Neuromuscular Synapse: Ca2+ Influx, Acetylcholine Release & Endplate Potentials Skeletal Muscle Contraction: Sarcoplasmic Ca2+ Release, Troponin C & Cross-Bridges Muscle Energetics, Fiber Types (Red vs White), Rigor Mortis & Muscle Fatigue

Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques

2 Topics
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), Microinjection & Animal Cloning Milestones Transgenic Animal Production: Microinjection, Retro-viral Vectors, Stem Cells & Gene Farming

Nervous System

4 Topics
Sensory Physiology: Olfactory Transmission, Vestibular Canals & Tapetum Lucidum Motor Control & Cerebellar Coordination: Cerebellum as Error-Correcting Device Synaptic Transmission, Neurotransmitters, Excitatory (EPSP) & Inhibitory (IPSP) Events Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Receptor Mechanisms

Endocrinology

3 Topics
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Axis, Somatotropin (GH), IGF-1 & Nutrient Partitioning Hormone Classes, Receptors, Second Messengers & Pancreatic Receptor Ligands Adrenal Cortex & Medulla: Aldosterone, Glucocorticoid Metabolic Effects & Stress

Reproduction and Lactation

5 Topics
Male Reproductive Physiology: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli Cells & Pheromones Fertilization, Superfecundation & Utero-Ovarian Countercurrent PGF2a Transfer Female Reproductive Cyclicity: Two vs Three Wave Estrous Cycles & Ovulation Mammary Gland Functional Anatomy, Ductular Development (Estrogen) & Colostrum Lactogenesis, Galactopoiesis, rbST & Neuroendocrine Milk Ejection Reflex (Oxytocin)

Physiology of Growth

1 Topic
Compensatory (Catch-Up) Growth Dynamics following Nutritional Restriction

Climate Physiology

4 Topics
Thermoregulation & Heat Balance: Hypothalamic Set-Point & Lower Lethal Temperature Climatic Heat Stress in Domestic Livestock: Heat Tolerance Indices at 65% RH Evaporative Heat Dissipation: Apocrine Sweat Glands vs Panting across Livestock Adaptive Heterothermy in Camels & Ecological Bioclimatology Rules (Allen's, Bergmann's)
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