11
Bovine urine has osmolality (mOsm/kg H20) of about
EXPLANATION
Tubular Reabsorption, Secretion & Bovine Urin
- Osmotic Concentration of Bovine Urine: In healthy cattle with normal hydration, the kidney's countercurrent multiplier system produces urine with an average osmolality of approximately $1031\text{ mOsm/kg } H_2O$ (physiologically ranging between $800\text{ to }1300\text{ mOsm/kg } H_2O$).
- Concentrating Power: Reflects the high medullary osmotic gradient maintained by active sodium chloride transport in the thick ascending limb and profound urea recycling in ruminants.
Correct option: (3) 1031
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