• Institutions Involved in Agricultural Marketing:
• NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development): An apex development financial institution providing refinancing, developmental credit, and policy guidance for rural credit institutions, microfinance, and rural infrastructure. It does not engage directly in physical agricultural commodity marketing, buying, selling, or trading.
• Marketing Agencies:
• NAFED: Apex national cooperative engaged in commercial and price-support marketing of pulses, oilseeds, and onions.
• NDDB: National Dairy Development Board, orchestrator of Operation Flood and dairy marketing networks.
• APEDA: Promotes export marketing of agricultural and processed food products.

Correct option: (2) NABARD

• Type I Error and Level of Significance:
• In statistical hypothesis testing, the Level of Significance (denoted by $\alpha$) is defined as the maximum tolerable probability of committing a Type I error:

• It represents the rejection probability of the Null Hypothesis when it is genuinely true. Common levels of significance are $5\%$ (0.05) and $1\%$ (0.01).
• Distractors:
• Level of Confidence: Given by $(1 - \alpha)$, representing the probability of accepting $H_0$ when it is true.
• Power of the Test: Given by $(1 - \beta)$, the probability of rejecting $H_0$ when $H_0$ is false.

Correct option: (2) Level of Significance

• Directional Hypothesis Testing: One-Tailed Tests:
• hypothesis test testing $H_0: \theta = 5$ against the alternative hypothesis $H_1: \theta \lt 5$ is a Left-Tailed Test.
• The inequality symbol in the alternative hypothesis ($\lt $) points strictly to the left, concentrating the entire rejection region (critical region of size $\alpha$) in the lower (left) tail of the sampling distribution.
• Distractors:
• Right-Tailed Test: Alternative hypothesis has the form $H_1: \theta \gt 5$.
• Two-Tailed Test: Alternative hypothesis has the form $H_1: \theta \neq 5$.

Correct option: (2) Left tailed