• Monopolistic Competition:
• Coined by Edward Chamberlin (1933), Monopolistic Competition is a market structure characterized by:
• large number of independent sellers and buyers.
• Sellers deal in differentiated (heterogeneous) products that are close substitutes (differing by brand, design, packaging, or customer service).
• Free entry and exit of firms in the long run.
• Heavy reliance on non-price competition and advertising.
• Distractors:
• Perfect Competition: Large number of sellers dealing in identical, homogeneous goods.
• Oligopoly: A few large sellers dominating the market.
• Duopoly: Exactly two sellers.

Correct option: (4) Monopolistic competition

• OECD-DAC Project Evaluation Criteria:
• Established by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD-DAC), the internationally accepted five core evaluation criteria for development projects are:

• Relevance: Is the intervention doing the right things?
• Effectiveness: Is the intervention achieving its stated objectives?
• Efficiency: How well are resources being used?
• Impact: What broader long-term difference does the project make?
• Sustainability: Will the benefits last after funding ceases?
  • Conclusion: Option 1 represents the standard OECD-DAC five-criteria framework.

• Properties of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function:
• For $Y = A X_1^\alpha X_2^\beta$:
• Output elasticities are directly given by parameters $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
• Allows direct estimation via linear transformation ($\\ln Y = \ln A + \alpha \ln X_1 + \beta \ln X_2$), conserving degrees of freedom and simplifying multi-regressor estimation.
• Isoquants are Strictly Downward Sloping (Negatively Sloped): Isoquants are convex to the origin with a negative marginal rate of technical substitution ($MRTS = -\frac{dX_2}{dX_1} = \frac{\alpha X_2}{\beta X_1} \gt 0$).
• Therefore, the assertion that “Iso-quants of CD function are positively sloped” is untrue / false, making Option 2 the correct answer.

• Gantt Charts in Project Management:
• Invented by American management consultant Henry Gantt in the 1910s, a Gantt Chart is a graphical bar chart that illustrates a project schedule and timeline showing individual project activities/tasks, their start and end dates, and their expected durations along a horizontal time axis.
• It visually tracks planned versus actual milestone progress and identifies concurrent tasks.

Correct option: (2) A timeline that shows project tasks and their durations